The Carnivore project :: essays research papers

The Carnivore Invasion "They that give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety be neither liberty nor safety." -- Benjamin Franklin, 1759The current use and regulations of the F.B.I. surveillance tool known as Carnivore need to be revised in such a way that it will no longer be able to copy the e-mails of un doubting Americans. Most Americans are not even aware of the existence of the Carnivore draw. The ignorance of the American people is understandable the government has gone to great lengths to ensure secrecy when it comes to the details of the Carnivore project. The purpose of this paper is to bring to light exactly how the Federal Burro of investigating (FBI) has invaded the privacy of a countless number of Americans. Once the severe flaws of the Carnivore system have been outlined, this paper will describe what laws need to be changed to make the Carnivore project even reasonable.      The FBI designed the Carnivore system to capture email communications of a criminal suspect. The information extracted from the suspects e-mails is then used as prove against the suspect. In this simple explanation the Carnivore system appears to be an effective tool against crime. Unfortunately most issues in this world cannot be explained in two sentences. The answer of implementing the Carnivore system begins with a court order for a full content-wiretap (Tyson 2). Once a court order has been issued the FBI is required to request that the suspects Internet Service supplier (ISP) is willing/able to copy all of the e-mails to and from the suspects address. The initial request made by the FBI to allow the ISP to copy the suspects e-mails is to ensure that the FBI has tried to wreak the best evidence rule (Graham 8). The best evidence rule simply states that the FBI has to obtain evidence in the best way possible. If the ISP is able to copy the suspects e-mails directly, it is considered better e vidence. If the ISP declines the FBIs request then the FBI is allowed to install the Carnivore system onto the suspects ISP (Graham 6). Why would an ISP decline assistance? ISPs are concerned close the privacy of their customers. For example, Earthlink testified before the Carnivore Committee saying that what the FBI was asking them to do .

Perspectives of the Characters in The Young Housewife :: Young Housewife Essays

Perspectives of the Characters in The Young Housewife From the first stanza we decipher that there is a novel housewife moving about her husbands house in negligee. Some important headlands that come to my mind are Is she alone?, and why is she moving? The answer to both of these questions we do not know. Is this young housewife dancing around the house in her negligee because her and her husband had a wonderfully romantic night, or is she alone shuffling along performing her wifely chores and duties? Better yet, does the young housewife really exist, or is she just a fantasy of the passer-by? This brings me to my next question . . .Is the narrator a man or a woman? It seems very easy to assume that the narrator is a man, because the author is a man, but early(a) than that there is no real evidence proving narrative gender. In stanza one all we know about the narrator is that they are alone in a car. In stanza two all we know is that the narrator compares the young housewife to a fallen leaf. And in stanza three, the final stanza, as the narrator passes on by, he or she bows, and smiles. As far as I am concerned the passer-by could be a female who is a close title-holder or relative who is merely commenting on the housewife as they pass by her house. To me The Young House Wife is about beauty, not beauty from a young fertile woman alone in negligee, but the beauty of everyday, the beauty of life. This driver, who is her passer-by compares the housewife to a fallen leaf. This fallen leaf could toy with many things. The narrator could be insinuating that the young housewife is in a fallen state, maybe trapped in some kind of extra-marital sin perhaps. perhaps the narrator is trying to warn us that the housewife is sick and perhaps that is why she is not yet properly dressed though the morning is roughly at an end. The meaning that I prefer to take with me is somewhat different from these perspectives. I would like to think of the young housewife as the beauty of autumn.

The Future Of Cloning Essay -- Science Genetics Essays

The Future Of CloningOn July 5, 1996, a sheep named Dolly was born, having been cloned from an self-aggrandising sheep cell. This event brought with it a swirl of controversy regarding the implications of re-create. Just days after the event, Bill Clinton banned all federal funding for human cloning seek in order to analyze the legal and ethical ramifications of human cloning. Cloning of both humans and tools has amazing potential in research and medicine, but in that respect argon drawbacks. There are many ethical, philosophical, and religious objections to cloning, especially the cloning of humans. In this paper I hope to convince you that both human and animal cloning are veins of research that are worth pursuing and that only some divisions of human cloning should have restrictions placed on them.Animal cloning has many potential applications. According to The National Bioethics advisory Commission (NBAC), Some of the immediate goals of this research areto generate groups o f genetically identical animals for research purposesto rapidly propagate desirable animals stocksto improve the efficiency of generating and propagating transgenic livestockto produce targeted genetic alterations in domestic animalsto pursue basic knowledge about cell preeminence (p. 24). Cloning sets of animals that are genetically identical would be beneficial to research scientists because it would eliminate differences in results due to genetic differences in the test subjects. Livestock owners could acquire from genetically identical copies of specimens containing traits the owner found desirable. Cows and pigs that produce larger quantities of useable meat and dairy cattle that produce larger amounts of milk are some examples.Some h... ...ake its course.I placed this reference page here because Alec was accurate in his work. However, the formatting, as I have said before, gets messed up when I transfer data to html pages. Sometimes I can work it out, sometimes I cant, so if you see something contrary to your Handbook, it wasnt Alecs mistake. ReferencesCloning Special overlay 10 paragraphs. New Scientist online serial, 158.2129.Available http//newscientist.com/nsplus/insight/clone/faq.html Nash, Madeline J. (1998, February 9). The Case For Cloning 10 paragraphs. Time.comonline serial, 151.5. Available http//www.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/1998/........dom/980209/science.the_case_for_clo26.htmlNational Bioethics Advisory Commission. (1997, June). Cloning Human Beings ReportAnd Recommendations Of The National Bioethics Advisory Commission.Rockville, Maryland

Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay -- sports, athletes, drug addiction

Fourth quarter, three seconds left, tie game. Bodies exhausted and sweat all over. Ball in hand and the shot goes up. Swoosh, and the crowd goes wild The vehemence in the arena is insane and the fans all cheer out. This is what all athletes dream of. Playing the sport that they love and getting paid to do it, but how hatful a professional perform at the top of their game and have supporting fans if they waste everything away on drugs. They have people who look up to them as role models and they get paid to perform. The sport is their life and also supports others. Non-professional athletes are not held to this standard however and should be allowed to do as they please.Although whatsoever drugs can be seen as damaging to the health of individuals, especially athletes, some drugs can be used in other ways. However the main line of work of drugs isnt the use of the drug but the abuse. People become addicted to the substance and tend to rely on it rather than occasional use. Someone such as an athlete should not be addicted to something so life consuming as a drug. The lack of self-control with athletes towards the drugs has become a concerning affable problem. Those who watch sports or look up to athletes have noticed the great disappointment when the drugs affect their body in many ways so professionals should be held to a higher standard than high school athletes. High school athletes are not under contract, they do not get paid, and they dont have social expectations. Professional athletes are expected to treat their bodies a certain way and drugs interfere with that. A high school player is without expectations and they should be able to decide for themselves what they do. Whether drugs cause enough harm to interfere with an athletes fu... ...Top List Of NBAs Most Valuable Teams. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. dollar-knicks-and-lakers-top-list-of-nbas-most-valuable-teams/.Drug maltreat & Addiction. Drug Abuse and Addiction S igns, Symptoms, and Help for Drug Problems and Substance Abuse. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. nt.htm.Opinion L.A. Student Drug Testing Doesnt Work Blowback. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. .Parents, Experts Divided on School Drug Testing. Msnbc.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2014. childrens_health/t/parents-experts-divided-school-drug-testing/.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Interpreted :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Interpreted It is clear Hamlet can be interpreted from a multitude of perspectives on numerous levels. I cannot quite grasp Mr. inflorescences contention that this is a work of near biblical importance nor can I accept his allusions to Jesus or the Buddha. Hamlet dust apart something transcendent about him places him more aptly with the biblical King David, or with even more exalted scriptural figures.(Bloom, 384). My immediate response is that when Mr. Bloom shuffles off this mortal coil, I dont believe Billy Shakespe ar will be waiting with a pint of ale. Professor Schechners enjoyable production increased my custody of the value of wardrobe and inflection of voice. Prior to this performance I did not see Polonius as a buffoon (as portrayed by Mr. Shapli), nor the incestuous character of Ophelias familial relationships (Ms. Coles ability to transform from coquette to lunatic was shocking). Doubtless there are near as many interpretations of Hamlet as there are Shakespeare an aficionados. My own expertise lies in the political arena. I believe Hamlet could be construed as a treatise on aggressive, imperialist behavior. Throughout the dramaturgical Analysis of Hamlet Prince of Denmark the indecisiveness of Hamlet is noted. He does not immediately seek vengeance hardly continually schemes, rants and raves (both in his rational and insane moments). Whether cowardice, caution, or simply indifference dominate his persona is unclear - what is clear is his distaste for his own behavior How stand I then, That have a father killd, a mother staind,...And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty railyard men... (sic). (Shakespeare, 116). The impending doom of the twenty thousand men alludes to a campaign waged by Fortinbas, the Prince of Norway. Though the battleground is said to be of little value, Fortinbas is warring on principles of honor and the subsequent expansion of Norway. An anger Hamlet mistakenly slays Polonius. Rosenc rantz and Guildenstern are sent to their inconsequential deaths only when he is inspired by pirates to save his own life. These murders involved no elaborate schemes but were simply enacted. Yet with all his planning, his opportunities, his justification, why can he not kill Claudius? The portrayal of the pirates as merciful thieves (Shakespeare, 124) and the fact that warlike Fortinbras succeeds in Poland and obtains the land of Denmark by plays end - may be a commentary on decisive, imperialistic behavior.

Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet Interpreted :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet Interpreted It is clear Hamlet can be interpreted from a multitude of perspectives on numerous levels. I cannot quite grasp Mr. Blooms contention that this is a work of near biblical importance nor can I accept his allusions to Jesus or the Buddha. Hamlet remains apart something transcendent about him places him more aptly with the biblical King David, or with even more exalted scriptural figures.(Bloom, 384). My conterminous response is that when Mr. Bloom shuffles off this mortal coil, I dont believe Billy Shakespeare will be waiting with a pint of ale. Professor Schechners enjoyable labor increased my appreciation of the value of wardrobe and inflection of voice. Prior to this performance I did not see Polonius as a buffoon (as portrayed by Mr. Shapli), nor the incestuous nature of Ophelias familial relationships (Ms. Coles ability to transform from coquette to lunatic was shocking). Doubtless there are near as many interpretations of Hamlet as there are Shakespearean afi cionados. My own expertise lies in the political arena. I believe Hamlet could be construed as a treatise on aggressive, imperialist behavior. Throughout the Dramaturgic Analysis of Hamlet Prince of Denmark the indecisiveness of Hamlet is noted. He does not immediately seek vengeance but continually schemes, rants and raves (both in his perspicacious and insane moments). Whether cowardice, caution, or simply indifference dominate his persona is unclear - what is clear is his distaste for his own behavior How stand I then, That have a father killd, a mother staind,...And let all sleep, while to my shame I see The imminent death of twenty thousand men... (sic). (Shakespeare, 116). The impending sentence of the twenty thousand men alludes to a campaign waged by Fortinbas, the Prince of Norway. Though the battleground is said to be of little value, Fortinbas is warring on principles of honor and the incidental expansion of Norway. An enraged Hamlet mistakenly slays Polonius. Rosenc rantz and Guildenstern are sent to their inconsequential deaths only when he is inspired by pirates to save his own life. These murders involved no elaborate schemes but were simply enacted. Yet with all his planning, his opportunities, his justification, why can he not kill Claudius? The portrayal of the pirates as merciful thieves (Shakespeare, 124) and the fact that martial Fortinbras succeeds in Poland and obtains the Kingdom of Denmark by plays end - may be a commentary on decisive, imperialistic behavior.

Mobile Phone Radiation Essay

IntroductionMobile peals had dominated the entire world. Aside from computers, zillions of raft in alwaysy nation around the world extravaganceively wont fluid ph unitarys. But why do we enjoy ourselves with that device? What does it convey that former(a) things preceptort have? Is it bad for us or does it father advantage to us?For your in organic law, cadre rallys or unstable auditory sensations argon devices that can make and adjoin telephone c eachs over a radio marry while running around a wide geographic bea. It does so by connecting to a cellular net provided by a ener bug outic phone operator, allowing annoy to the populace telephone progeny.The first hand-held planetary phone was demonstrated by fundament F. Mitchell and Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1kg). In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide prompt phone subscriptions call forth fro m 12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 81% of the global population and paying the bottom of the economic pyramid.Almost all of the people in the world aim this kind of device. But why is that so? What does it bring to people to end up using it by many an(prenominal)?Modern mobile phones in addition support a wide variety of other services. Those billions of subscribers enjoys the devices text messaging, MMS, email, internet access, short-range wireless communication (infrargond, Bluetooth), business application, gaming, media and scudy.So that is why mobile phones are real interesting and enjoyable. Everyone be drives glad everytime we hold our cell phones. But is there a time that we mobilise about how it affects our lives? Did we ever think about its good and bad effectuate on us? booth phones are made to communicate to other people easier and faster. It is a sizeable help to the western people during the mid 60s to 80s. And as time passes by, more features are being developed. These features bring excitement to people oddly teens and adolescents. As a result, cell phone addiction occurs to us people. cellphone phone addiction is a very big problem especially to the teens and the youth. People under 17 age of age more likely to do texting than reading their textbooks. It badly affects their grades and some are dropped out of their give lessonss be stimulate of their addictiveness. (New York Times, 2007).Addiction to a fault leads to broken families. Some people doesnt want to be disturbed when they are so busy using their cell phones. They dont have enough time to talk and socialize with their families. This is not only for families precisely also for their friends at the same time.Mobile phones also bring bad set up to our health. As said to a report in the New York Times and Philippine Star, mobile phones and computers emit a very strong ray in a wide range of area and can affect all living things in the said area. (P.S, 2009, pp. 1-2) As consume says, these radiations can result in changes to the innate(p) environment. It can also ill- practice living organisms DNA which can lead to either a gain of ability or loss of living especially in humans. (Science Daily, 2007)When the first cell phones were made in 1984, there were many health jeopardys. Cell phones emit radiation that could be harmful. No interrogation had been done prior to releasing these phones to the public. The radiation could possibly lead to originator cancer with semipermanent pulmonary tuberculosis. Dr. Martin CooperCellular phones give run into an electromagnetic readiness which is a type of non-ionizing radiation. This is akin to the radiation naturally assemble in thunderstorms. The RF electromagnetic energy that cellular phones create can penetrate through and through a body. The main factors for the depth of penetration and how much is absorbed come from how close the phone is held and how strong its signal is.It is affirmable that cell phones can cause serious health issues such as cancer, epileptic seizures or quiescence disorders, changes in brain activity, and reaction time, but nothing has been definitely proven.According to BBC, Cell phone users can soft be affected by brain tumors due to the radiations emitted by cell phones. Interestingly, the assay is highest for ipsilateral pic, meaning tumor on the same side of the brain where phone mostly held.A laboratory study has verbalisen that radio waves from mobile phones do harm body cells and damage DNA.Studies show that use of cell phones for more than 10 years increase the venture of Glioma. A glioma is a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. The most super C site of gliomas is the brain.Also, Nickel has been ready in quite a few mobile sets. About 30% of UK population is allergic to nickel. Rash breaks out where the skin comes in contact with the cell phone.The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is the subject of new-fangled interest and study, as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world (as of November 2011, there were more than 5.981 billion subscriptions worldwide). Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range. Other digital wireless formations, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation.The WHO has class mobile phone radiation on the IARC scale into Group 2B possibly carcinogenic. That means that there could be some risk of carcinogenicity, so additive research into the retentive-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted. Some national radiation advisory authorities have recommended measures to minimize characterisation to their citizens as a precautionary approach. umpteen scientific studies have investigated possible health symptoms of mobile phone radiation. These studies are occasionally reviewed by some scientific commi ttees to pass judgment overall risks. A recent assessment was published in 2007 by the European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly come on Health Risks (SCENIHR). It concludes that the three lines of induction, viz. animal, in vitro, and epidemiologic studies, indicate thatexposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an increase in cancer in humans.Parts of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can have a peak world power of 2 watts, and a US analogue phone had a maximum transmit power of 3.6 watts. Other digital mobile technologies, such as CDMA2000 and D-AMPS, use lower output power, typically below 1 watt. The maximum power output from a mobile phone is regulated by the mobile phone standard and by the regulatory agencies in each country. In most systems the cell phone and the base station check reception quality and signal strength and the power level is increased or decreased automatically, within a trusted span, to accommodate various situations, such as inside or outside of buildings and vehicles.The rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body is mensurable by the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by politicsal regulating agencies in many countries. In the USA, the federal Communications Commission (FCC) has set a SAR limit of 1.6 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 1 gram of tissue, for the head. In Europe, the limit is 2 W/kg, averaged over a volume of 10 grams of tissue. SAR values are heavily dependent on the size of the averaging volume. Without information about the averaging volume utilise, comparisons between different measurements cannot be made.Thus, the European 10-gram ratings should be compared among themselves, and the American 1-gram ratings should only be compared among themselves. SAR data for specific mobile phones, along with other useful information, can be fou nd directly on manufacturers websites, as well as on third segmentationy web sites. It is worth noting that thermal radiation is not comparable to ionizing radiation in that it only increases the temperature in traffic pattern matter, it does not break molecular bonds or release electrons from their atoms.One well-understood effect of microwave radiation is dielectric heating, in which any dielectric material (such as living tissue) is heated by rotations of polar molecules induced by the electromagnetic field. In the reference of a someone using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the circuit breakerace of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a particle of adegree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct sunlight.The brains blood circulation is capable of disposing of excess heat by increasing local blood flow. However, the cornea of the eye does n ot have this temperature regulation mechanism and exposure of 23 minute of arcs duration has been describe to produce cataracts in rabbits eyes at SAR values from 100-140W/kg, which produced lenticular temperatures of 41C. There were no cataracts detected in the eyes of monkeys exposed under similar conditions. Premature cataracts have not been linked with cell phone use, possibly because of the lower power output of mobile phones.Swedish researchers from Lund University (Salford, Brun, Persson, Eber tightt, and Malmgren) have analyze the effects of microwave radiation on the rat brain. They found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated bloodbrain barrier. This confirms earlier work on the bloodbrain barrier by Allan Frey, Oscar and Hawkins, and Albert and Kerns. Other hosts have not confirmed these findings in vitro cell studies or whole animal studies.In 2006 a enlarged Danish study about the connection between mobile phone use and cancer incidence was published. I t followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20 years and showed no increased risk of cancer. The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesamt fr Strahlenschutz) considers this report inconclusive. The following studies of long time exposure have been published The 13 nation INTERPHONE project the largest study of its kind ever undertaken has now been published and did not find a solid link between mobile phones and brain tumors. The International Journal of Epidemiology published a combined data analysis from a multinational population-based case-control study of glioma and meningioma, the most common types of brain tumor. The authors account the following conclusionOverall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of mobile phones. There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation. The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require up grade investigation. In the press release accompanying the releaseof the paper, Dr. Christopher Wild, Director of the International elbow room for Research on Cancer (IARC) said An increased risk of brain cancer is not established from the data from Interphone. However, observations at the highest level of cumulative call time and the changing patterns of mobile phone use since the period studied by Interphone, particularly in young people, mean that further investigation of mobile phone use and brain cancer risk is merited.A number of independent health and government authorities have commented on this important study including The Australian Centre for Radiofrequency Bioeffects Research (ACRBR) which said in a command that Until now there have been concerns that mobile phones were causing increases in brain tumors. Interphone is both large and rigorous enough to address this claim, and it has not provided any convert scientific evidence of an necktie between mobile phone use an d the development of glioma or meningioma. While the study demonstrates some weak evidence of an association with the highest tenth of cumulative call time (but only in those who started mobile phone use most lately), the authors conclude that biases and errors limit the strength of any conclusions in this group.It now seems clear that if there was an effect of mobile phone use on brain tumor risks in adults, this is likely to be too minute to be detectable by even a large multinational study of the size of Interphone. The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) which said in a statement that On the basis of current understanding of the relationship between brain cancer and use of mobile phones, including the recently published data from the INTERPHONE study, ARPANSA *concludes that currently available data do not warrant any general recommendation to limit use of mobile phones in the adult population, *continues to inform those concerned about potential health effects that they may limit their exposure by reducing call time, by devising calls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by texting and *recommends that, due to the lack of any data relating to children and long term use of mobile phones, parents encourage their children to limit their exposure by reducing call time, by making calls where reception is good, by using hands-free devices or speaker options, or by texting.The Cancer Council Australia said in a statement that it cautiously welcomed the results of the largest international study to date into mobile phone use, which has found noevidence that normal use of mobile phones, for a period up to 12 years, can cause brain cancer. Chief Executive Officer, Professor Ian Olver, said findings from the Interphone study, conducted across 13 countries including Australia, were consistent with other research that had failed to find a link between mobile phones and cancer. This supports previ ous research showing mobile phones dont damage cell DNA, meaning they cant cause the type of genetic mutations that develop into cancer, Professor Olver said. However, it has been suggested that electromagnetic fields associated with mobile phones may play a role in speeding up the development of an existing cancer. The Interphone study found no evidence to support this theory. A Danish study (2004) that took place over 10 years found no evidence to support a link.However, this study has been criticized for collecting data from subscriptions and not necessarily from actual users. It is cognise that some subscribers do not use the phones themselves but provide them for family members to use. That this happens is supported by the observation that only 61% of a miserable sample of the subscribers reported use of mobile phones when responding to a questionnaire. A Swedish study (2005) that draws the conclusion that the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is rela ted to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma. A British study (2005) that draws the conclusion that The study suggests that there is no substantial risk of acoustic neuroma in the first decade later on starting mobile phone use. However, an increase in risk after longer term use or after a longer lag period could not be ruled out. A German study (2006) that states In conclusion, no overall increased risk of glioma or meningioma was observed among these cellular phone users however, for long-term cellular phone users, results need to be confirmed in the beginning firm conclusions can be drawn. A joint study conducted in northern Europe that draws the conclusion that Although our results overall do not indicate an increased risk of glioma in relation to mobile phone use, the possible risk in the most heavily exposed part of the brain with long-term use needs to be explored further forrader firm conclusions can be drawn. Other studies on cancer and mobile phones are A Swedish sc ientific team at the Karolinska Institute conducted an epidemiological study (2004) that suggested that regular use of a mobilephone over a decade or more was associated with an increased risk of acoustic neuroma, a type of benign brain tumor. The increase was not noted in those who had used phones for fewer than 10 years. The INTERPHONE study group from Japan published the results of a study of brain tumor risk and mobile phone use. They used a new approach determining the SAR inside a tumor by calculating the radio frequency field absorption in the exact tumor location. Cases examined included glioma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. They reported that the overall odds ratio (OR) was not increased and that there was no significant trend towards an increasing OR in relation to exposure, as measured by SAR. In 2007, Dr. Lennart Hardell, from rebro University in Sweden, reviewed published epidemiological papers (2 cohort studies and 16 case-control studies) and found that Cell ph one users had an increased risk of malignant gliomas. Link between cell phone use and a higher rate of acoustic neuromas. Tumors are more likely to occur on the side of the head that the cell handset is used. One hour of cell phone use per day significantly increases tumor risk after ten years or more. In a February 2008 update on the status of the INTERPHONE study IARC stated that the long term findings could either be causal or artifactual, related to differential recall between cases and controls. A self-published and non-peer reviewed meta-study by Dr. Vini Khurana, an Australian neurosurgeon, presented what it termed increasing body of evidence for a link between mobile phone usage and certain brain tumors and that it is anticipated that this danger has farthermost broader public health ramifications than asbestos and smoking.This was criticized as an unbalanced analysis of the literature, which is also selective in support of the authors claims.A publication name Public health implications of wireless technologies cites that Lennart Hardell found age is a significant factor. The report repeated the finding that the use of cell phones before age 20 increased the risk of brain tumors by 5.2, compared to 1.4 for all ages. A review by Hardell et al. concluded that current mobile phones are not safe for long-term exposure. In a time trends study in Europe, conducted by the Institute of Cancer Epidemiology in Copenhagen, no significant increase in brain tumors among cell phone users was found between the years of 1998 and 2003. The lack of a trend change in incidence from 1998 to 2003 suggests that the induction period relating mobile phone use to brain tumors exceeds510 years, the increased risk in this population is too small to be observed, the increased risk is restricted to subgroups of brain tumors or mobile phone users, or there is no increased risk.On 31 May 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified radiofrequency electroma gnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). The IARC assessed and evaluated available literature and studies about the carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), and found the evidence to be limited for carcinogenicity of RF-EMF, based on positive associations between glioma and acoustic neuroma and exposure. The conclusion of the IARC was mainly based on the INTERPHONE study, which found an increased risk for glioma in the highest year of heavy users (30 minutes per day over a 10year period), although no increased risk was found at lower exposure and other studies could not back up the findings. The evidence for other types of cancer was found to be inadequate. Some members of the Working Group opposed the conclusions and considered the current evidence in humans still as inadequate, citing inconsistencies between the assessed studies.Researchers at the National Cancer Institute found that while cell phone use increased substantially over the period 1992 to 2008 (from nearly zero to almost 100 percent of the population), the U.S. trends in glioma incidence did not mirror that increase. A 2009 study examined the effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by standard GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans. The study confirmed longer (slower) rejoinder times to a spacial working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects on performance. Right-handed subjects exposed to RFR on the left side of their head on average had significantly longer response times when compared to exposure to the right side and sham-exposure.Some users of mobile handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms during and after its use ranging from burning and tickling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities,fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental upkeep, reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and that current research cannotseparate the symptoms from nocebo effects. A meta-analysis (2008) of 63 in vitro and in vivo studies from the years 19902005 concluded that RF radiation was genotoxic only in some conditions and that the studies reporting positive effects evidenced publication bias.A meta-study (2009) of 101 publications on genotoxicity of RF electromagnetic fields showed that 49 reported a genotoxic effect and 42 not. The authors found ample evidence that RF-EMF can alter the genetic material of exposed cells in vivo and in vitro and in more than one way. In 1995, in the journal Bioelectromagnetics, Henry Lai and Narenda P. Singh reported damaged DNA after two hours of microwave radiation at levels deemed safe according to U.S. governmen t standards. In December 2004, a pan-European study named REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure Using affectionate in vitro Methods), involving 12 collaborating laboratories in several countries showed some compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells in in-vitro cultures, when exposed between 0.3 to 2 watts/kg, whole-sample average.There were indications, but not rigorous evidence of other cell changes, including damage to chromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain genes and a boosted rate of cell division. Research published in 2004 by a team at the University of Athens had a reduction in reproductive capacity in fruit flies exposed to 6 minutes of 900 MHz pulsed radiation for five days. Subsequent research, again conducted on fruit flies, was published in 2007, with the same exposure pattern but conducted at both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, and had similar changes in reproductive capacity with no signific ant difference between the two frequencies.Following additional tests published in a third article, the authors stated they thought their research suggested the changes were due to degeneration of large numbers of egg chambers after DNA fragmentation of their dowery cells . Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in vitro samples of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation at 1.8 GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5 W/kg showed a correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress and 8-Oxo-2-deoxyguanosine markers, stimulating DNA base adduct formation and increased DNA fragmentation.Not only in our health cell phones affects us but also in our work and studies. Along with their books and naturalizesupplies, many students make their daily trip to school with their trusty mobile phone. These pocket-sized tools can do anything from make a standard phone call to surf the web. The presence of cell phones presents a host of options and challenges for todays students. Mobile phones can be a helpful academic tool, or a foul academic disruption depending upon the attitude and use pattern of the student owner. As we have read an article from the Manila Standards Today, mobile phones are undeniably convenient. Because of mobile phones, students never have to look for a pay phone or wonder about the location of a friend. These ubiquitous communication tools allow students to reach their peers and their parents instantly.Everything from ordering a pizza to calling to check movie times is easier with a cell phone, as the communication device you need is right at your finger tips. Picture-taking and Internet surfing are readily available on most cell phones. This aids students in gathering the information that they need for school or accessing their email or school website. Students benefit from this technology availability as it allows them to create more polished academic produ cts with less effort than before the ready availability of cell phones. Many parents argue that cell phones keep students safe. A parent is never more than a phone call apart when a student is carrying their cell phone. The presence of a cell phone also ensures that students can call parents or emergency personnel in the case of an unforeseen emergency.While most students will never have to use their cell phone as a safety device, the knowledge that it could be used as such puts parents at ease and keeps them paying the monthly cell phone bill. The biggest lament of teachers in regards to cell phones is that they lead to student distraction and off task behavior. Texting a friend is a tempting diversion that many students select over listening to a lecture or completing a class assignment. If not silenced, cell phones can ring during class, drawing everyones attention away from the lesson and disrupting the flow of learning. Many teachers worry that this added distraction negativel y impacts students school performance as it stops them from dedicating their full attention to their studies. While useful, many of the features of cell phones can also be used to engage in opposed behaviors. Taking inappropriate pictures and then sexting them to a boyfriend or girlfriend is a growing problem.These pictures often end up in the wrong hands, which leads to others gainingaccess to the private photos. Teens often fail to recognize the long-term implications of inappropriate behavior and engage in the behavior without considering the consequences. The consequences for inappropriate behavior are real and long-lasting. formerly distributed, sexted photos are almost impossible to contain. The presence of these racy photos can limit the teens options in the future and severely mar their reputations. Society has come to a argue where the idea of living without cell phones seems ludicrous. Students desire cell phones in order to sustain contact with friends. The parents of students want their children to have them for security purposes. Cell phones carry three-fold benefits, but with this technology lies a dualism that teeters precariously between the benefits and negative effects of cell phone usage especially with students. Heath Wright Gaby Badre, M.D., Ph.D., of Sahlgrens Academy in Gothenburg, Sweden conducted research on the affects of cell phone usage on sleep patterns in teens.The research focused on two groups a control group of three men and seven women, juxtaposed by a variable group of three men and eight women. When the control group is compared against the variable group, Badre found that teens with excessive cell phone habits exhibit chronic restlessness, a reliance on stimulating drinks, difficulty falling asleep at night, disrupted sleep and an inclination toward fatigue and stress. Children, teens and even young adults are prone to distraction with cell phones. In the classroom and out of school, cell phones provide students an ins tant network of communication and entertainment. Inside the classroom, students are distracted from the lessons to text, play games and, if they are very daring, call other people. Cell phone ringers, alarms and ring tones disrupt the flow of lessons and the attention of every student in the room and the teacher. According to the National School Safety and Security Services, text messaging can be an aid for slicker students. Also, the camera in a cell phone can be used to photograph exams.The camera also can be used to photograph other students in a way that is a violation of privacy. In the case of school emergencies, cell phones can prove more of a impairment than a help. Cell phones have been used to call in bomb threats. In many districts, tracking a cell phone is not easily done. Also, students use of cell phones in a school emergency can possibly trigger a real bomb if an explosive device is on the schools property. Cell phone usage by students during a school emergency cano bstruct public safety personnel from exacting the event. Parents can be alerted to the emergency before public safety personnel have a chance to contain the situation. Parents can inadvertently increase the booby hatch by showing up at an imprudent time. Cell phone systems are prone to overload during a real crisis.This has been proven during disasters like the knowledge base Trade Center attacks and the Columbine shootings. Several students using cell phones all at once can add to the overload and paralyze a system that may be needed by crisis teams, public safety personnel and school administrators. This may in turn magnify the crisis and increase the chance of tragedy. Cell phones can also affect our daily lives. Mobile phones are also known as lifesavers as they can help people in emergencies. If you get stuck in the middle of the road and find no one for help, you can just use a mobile phone and call for help. Mobile phones are comfortable way of communication over a long di stance. Along with the obvious convenience and quick access to help in emergencies big and small, mobile phones can be both economical and essential for travelers trying to stay connected.In Japan, mobile phone companies provide immediate notification of earthquakes and other natural disasters to their customers free of charge. In the event of an emergency, disaster response crews can locate trapped or injured people using the signals from their mobile phones or the small detonator of flare in the battery of every cell phone an interactive menu accessible through the phones Internet browser notifies the company if the user is safe or in distress. We have also been downloading Java games and video clips to our mobile phones. Several online mobile phone shops have come up to cater to this increasing demand for the best mobile phone handsets and the most reliable and cost-effective services in the use of the same. Along with all these advantages there are many disadvantages for mobile phone usage.Mobile-phone use while driving is common. It is generally agreed that using a hand-held mobile phone while driving is a distraction that brings risk of road traffic accidents. So we need to use hands free sets to avoid such hazards. The digital age is upon us. And who would have thought it would happen so fast? It seems like only a few years ago when owning a cell phone was a status symbol. Now the device has been marketed as a necessity that we all need to get through the day. In the early days of cell phones I remember that people used to treat them in the same manner that they treated creditcards, only for an emergency. Cell phones used to be very large and were kept in peoples automobiles. Nobody ever seemed to discuss wireless plans, or the capabilities of their phones. The only question people asked were, why did you bring your cordless phone to work? That seemed to be the only other time anybody really saw a phone with that appearance.It wasnt until later models that folded for convenience that it caught on. trade is a powerful tool along with innovation. Marketing helps get the word out on the new products. I look at it as the sophisticate on the fishing hook, a few people nibble but after many studies they seem to always get us to bite. We eventually do bite, but I am surprised at the quick innovation that seems to occur at a rapid pace every year. As shortly as I received my new LG cell phone, it was soon replaced with a sleeker more attractive phone with more technological features. It seems almost too hard to keep up with. All the companies are trying harder and harder for our hard earned dollars. But it is not as if they are holding out as long as they can anymore. Now that the market is in a heated competition between such companies as Verizon, T-Mobile, Sprint/Nextel, At&T/Cingular. Many of the companies have combined resources to make forward progress.When the public thought that phones with color and text capabilities was the b est thing since sliced bread, out came phones with internet and navigation on the go. There are live updates for sports, news and other services. You can check movie times prices for a new car or ask how your mother is doing all with one amazing device. The only issue that I seem to have with technology is privacy. There is no more privacy it seems. Every talk is an open forum or at least it seems that way. It may not be direct but people hear what you talk about, then absent that conversation and place it into their own which can be a fun debate or a nice way to break the ice. However the rules for doing so are unwritten. You do not simply eves drop and then walk up and approach the person biased on their conversation.The difficult part also is that you can no longer say that you didnt receive their text or call. Many companies give the user features or indicators to tell you if the message was no-hit or not. Short of saying your phone was off there is literally no excuse for no t answering a phone The difficult part about the digital age is that there are no rules. We all have our own personal expectations of how people should act in a public setting but that is the most frustrating part.We all want the latest technology, but I do not think that we are ready to play what we lose because of it. Yes we do gain so many abilities on the go. We are able to do so much now that we never thought was possible in the past. We are all now a part of this technological revolution.What we forget in all the hustle and bustle is all those things that we lose. In our act to have the hottest technology such as the Iphone with the ability to go on to the Internet, watch YouTube at will whenever and wherever we desire. What we lose is the peace and quiet of the past. No longer can you enter a coffee shop people watch, and engage in conversation and listen to some soothing jazz. Those days are long gone, nowadays we have to ask people as a courtesy to turn their phones of, a nd many people still do not get to these requests. No more can you sit in a cozy place such as a caf or coffee shop as mentioned above. There is now cell phones buzzing, ringing and the attention is taken away from the environment but into the power we hold in our hands.The technological age is upon us. And we are able to wreak what our society will turn into. I never thought that I made a difference or that I would be a part of a unique generation. If you look around though we are all a part of this new age. We can shape and mold it as we wish. This is only one small aspect of a larger topic. This is how cell phones have made a small step, yet a large impact as a result on how we all life and interact with the world around us. We now look as if we are talk of the town to ourselves, and its funny yet practical.We complain when others interrupt our dinner, yet at times we are victims of the same crimes we accost others for. Phones have gone from a burden due to size, to a burden d ue to its functionality and various abilities to do so much. Perhaps Uncle Ben (Spidermans uncle) had it right when he said with great power, comes great responsibility. I think this is something we should all take the time to think about. How far something you use has come from when you were younger to now and the impact it has made on your life or the lives of others. (RaMediaNJ, 08/08/2007, Newsweek)Bibliography http//www.wikipedia.com/ wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health Hands-free Cellphones are Safer Manila Standards Today, Manila,Philippines (Aug. 2000) pp. 1-2 Hands-free kits cut cellphone radiation Malaya (Aug. 2000) p. 13 Texting than Reading Philippine Star (Feb. 2003) p. B5 http//thinkquest.org/pls/html/think.libraryMMS vs. Cheaters Philippine Star, Manila, Philippines (Feb. 2003) New York Times, NY, USA (Mar. 2007)Owners of Older Cell Phones risk Brain Tumor USA Today, National Cancer Institute Pinoys as Romantic Philippine Star (Aug. 2010) pp. 3-4 Horst, Heather . Miller, Daniela. The Cellphone An Anthropology of Communication, Berg (Oct. 2006) Agar, J. (2003). Constant impact A Global History of the Mobile Phone. Cambridge, Icon Books.

Macroeconomics: comments

One of the advantages of using monetary indemnity would be the fact that totally of the policies under this regime are all highly impersonal since all of the decisions to hit regarding the actor of the economy are all based on the empirical data and not on the think of judgment of the government authorities. Moreover, monetary constitution is more flexible than pecuniary policy since the Federal Open Market Committee tacks about every sixer weeks to make decisions regarding the thoughtfulness of the economy and the immediate implementation of the said decisions (Faculty.etsu.edu, 2007).On the other hand, one of the possible draw back from using monetary policy would be the fact that monetary policy only offers short term economic legal action and do not guarantee a sustainable activity in the long run. Moreover, monetary policy can easily be affected by external factors such as oil price heave and exchange rate which has a submit effect on the performance of any monetary policy the federal government currently have.As for the advantages of pecuniary policy, this can amplification the government revenue through the process of raising the tax rate and/or tariff on import goods. Moreover, fiscal policy can also attract productivity as the government provides incentives to those domestic and foreign investors just to keep the economy in balance. On the other hand, fiscal policy, is relatively less flexible a compared to the monetary policy since it takes a long time before the government officials make decisions regarding the economic conditions of the country.Oftentimes, they only meet once a year to settle all of the economic policies that the federal government go out implement for the rest of the year. Moreover, fiscal policy intervenes into the unavowed sphere of influence which sometimes causes economic losses on the part of the consumers and the producers, like tax. fiscal policy is also highly subjective and usually based on the lever ju dgment of the federal officials even if there are empirical facts at hand.Answer 1.2One of the possible factors that trigger crowding out would be through expanding the government borrowing in order to finance an amplification in expenditure. Cutting of tax can also lead to crowding out since private sector is being crowd out from their investment through higher interest rate. In other words, when the government raises its borrowing in the money market, it causes an increase of the interest rate in the market which crowds out private investors and individuals from the lending market.Answer 1.3Automatic stabilizers like reduction on tax rate prevail to mitigate output fluctuation without any explicit government action therefore, there is no need for the government to make discretionary policies or make value judgment regarding a certain economic situation since automatic stabilizers already reduces the economic problems that the government officials will have to solve.Answer 2.1Whe never there is a high rising prices rate existing in the economy, what then government usually does is to lower knock off its spending in order to put atmospheric pressure for the aggregate demand of the economy to depreciate making way for the decrease in market prices. At the end of the day, inflation rate starts to slow down as the aggregate spending decreases due to the cutting of government spending. In other words, high inflation rate causes budget surplus since the government has to find out its spending.On the other hand, whenever there is a low inflation rate in the economy, the tendency of the government is to intentionally acquire budget deficit since it has to increase its spending to create additional market for the business sector which eventually stabilize the market price condition. In short, if there is a low inflation rate, it is expected that the government will incur budget deficit due to the increase of its spending to stabilize the market price.Answer 2.2I believe yes, size of it of assets must serves as basis in judging the budget deficit, in order to determine how the government spends with respect to the amount of assets that it presently holds. Having a enormous government asset can give way for a higher budget deficit since the government can use those assets as collaterals for those persons or financial institutions where the government will borrow money just to finance its activities. In short, having a large budget deficit is not a problem for as long as the government has large amount of assets on its hands.Answer 2.3Pay-as-you-go is a ashes of paying a debt as they incurred, or it is a system of paying a good or service as it is used than as n outright purchase. One of the possible applications of this would be the pay-as-you-go tax wherein it is a system of paying a debt of businesses or individuals on an installment basis of their expected tax liability.Answer 3Now I understand why the government sometimes acquires bud get deficits and how inflation rate is related to the budget condition of our government. I find this issue interesting since although there is no direct relationship between inflation rate and government budget condition, still, after noting all of the economic factors in our country, it is clear that inflation affects the government budget condition indirectly and vice versa.Moreover, I learned that the federal government uses either monetary or fiscal policy depending on the type of economic condition is at hand based from the identified strengths and weaknesses of the two policy regime. It is surprising how these policies affects all the economic activities in the country although we cannot see it through our own eyes. Its just like these policies are acting invisible in our economy and solving economic turmoil of our country. At the end of the day, whichever policy regime will the government implement, what is important would be the end effect of all of the policies that the go vernment will put into action to solve a given economic problem.ReferencesFaculty.etsu.edu. (2007). Fiscal versus Monetary Policy. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http//faculty.etsu.edu/hipples/FPvsMP.htm

Imporatance of 3 Period Name Lesson Essay

For the purpose of giving a clear perception of an idea in association with language, Montessori advised that the triad period lesson of Seguin should be used. The periods are 1st period The association of the sensory perception with the name. Example Give the baby bird a large and a small piston chamber and say this is large and this is small. 2nd period Recognition of the object corresponding to the name. Example Ask the child to indicate which is the large cylinder and which is the small cylinder. rd period the remembering of the name corresponding to the object. Example show the child the large cylinder and say what is this? then show him the small cylinder and say what is this? The 3 period name lesson is very useful because it is very simple and very clear for the child. Furthermore the t all(prenominal)er does not ask the child to actually name the object until she is sure he rout out recognize it. The importance of the three period lesson backsidet be underestimated. This tool can be used anywhere.In the classroom we use it to aver letter sounds, number values and symbols, continent names, plants and animals, but it is not limited just to the classroom. It can also be used in the playground, in the kitchen, at music lessons, even at the super market. It can even be used to introduce object names in a second language. There is no limit to how this lesson can be used because, under the right circumstances, there is no limit to the amount of information a child between the ages of 3 and 6 is capable of absorbing.The real beauty of the three period lesson is that it allows Montessori teachers to meet each child exactly where they are. In other words, the technique allows the children as much time as they need to learn each new concept some children will absorb a concept quickly and only need the lesson once or twice while other children may want to be given the lesson many times until they are confident enough to move on.

Altex Corporation Case Study Essay

1.Why was a bump management cast considered unnecessary? According to the contract award, contracts at that time did not carry that a risk management plan be develop while according to the sponsor the risk management plan was not necessary because to the highest degree of the new implement systems requirements are established by military personnel who have no sense of reality about what it takes to develop a weapon system based on technology which does not even exist yet. According Kerzner, in the earlier days of the project management on umteen commercial curriculums, the majority of project decisions heavily favored cost and schedule.This was because we knew more about cost and scheduling than we did about the technical risks. But on the new(prenominal) hand it is essential that political programs define and implement appropriate risk management and hazard plans to enhance program management powerfulness and provide program managers a key tool to reduce life cycle costs (Kerzner, 2009).2.Should risk management planning be performed in the proposal stage or aft(prenominal) the contract award assuming that it mustiness be done? assay management is employed throughout the programs life cycle and should be developed early in the program from the very beginning and addressed continually throughout the program. Risk management is not a separate program function but part and parcel of the overall program planning and management exercise. In order to be effective, the risk management process must be recognized as a program management activity, and not something limited to the engineering function. Any program element associated with cost, schedule, and performance has a signal interface with the risk management process. This process does not change fundamentally as the program progresses, although some changes or adjustments might occur as the program progress (Kerzner, 2009).3.Does the customer have the right to expect the contractor to perform risk analysis and develop a risk management plan if it is not called out as part of the contractual statement of work? The customer has the right to expect the contractor to perform risk analysis and develop a risk management plan as part of the project planning. An effective life cycle risk management process requires a commitment on the part of the program manager and the program office to be successful.It is essential that Project manager define and implement an appropriate risk management and contingency plans. The customers expect the contractor to be the expert who knows what needs to be done in any project and that is why he has been hired to do the jobs. Risk management lead enhance program effectiveness and provide program managers a key tool to reduce life cycle costs (Kerzner, 2009).5.How effective will the risk management plan be if developed by the project manager in seclusion? There is no way a project manager will have a risk management plan in seclusion. The reason bein g first, Risk management planning is the process of deciding how to approach and plan the risk management activities of the project.Secondly the process will include identifying the project charter, current polices, current roles and responsibilities, and the project management plan and, the Risk Management Plan (RMP) strategy needs to be established early in the project and will need to be continually developed throughout the project life cycle. Project risks include business and contractual relationships, cost, funding, management, political, and schedule risks. Other risks are technical, production, and support risks. These entire put together risk management plan has to be part and parcel of the project planning (Kerzner, 2009).6.Should the customer be allowed to participate in or assist the contractor in developing a risk management plan? Risk management requires early and continual involvement of all of the program team as considerably as outside help as appropriate. When we are trying to identify the risk we may get our results based on survey of the project and this will involves customer fully. We have to involve the customer since in any case there is a risk then it the risk management program that will support setting realistic cost, schedule, and performance objectives and identifies areas that require special attention. If we dont involve the customer then that may lead to the customer loosing affirm on our company and at the same time we will end up delivering a low quality work (Kerzner, 2009).

Relationship between Politics and Religion in India

Indian politics has an important relationship with Religion. Religion fulfills the role of an ideology in a topographic point of transition when there is a plethora of new demands and constant adjustments have to be made. Both Islam and Hinduism in the late nineteenth century were trying to compel the new demands. This ruptured their earlier accommodations and led to conflict with the necessity of a complex interaction between nationalism and Religion. This is where the clash started. India failed on this front leading to conflicts and region between two competing utopia visions.The clash of egos over basis and minor disagreements made this division inevitable. The importance of religion, in spite of such conflicts can be dainty in the words of Gandhiji who said that those who assert that Religion has nothing to do with Politics, have no understanding of either Politics or Religion. That the Hindu bulk were more tolerant and absorbent of others viewpoint, is nothing new. The reli gion itself is distinguished because of its essential component of tolerance which separates it from other religion viewpoint.Anslie embree in his book on Utopias in Conflict states that Tolerance is not merely an academic question. It is intrinsically linked with the minority. The Islamic community in India wanted neither to be absorbed or tolerated and this seems to have occurred to very few exponents of Hindu tolerance. Tolerance is also a matter of perception and over the centuries as India met with three different civilizations, the inn evaluated. The coming of Islam in the eighth century, to the major power at the center, in the form of nearly 500 years of their mainstay, did not change any fundamental value in the Hindu religion.The coming of the Portugese and the French also did not lead to any changes in our social structure, the reason being the apathy corresponding to the earlier Muslim period when views were articulated in a religious vocabulary. The coming of the Bri tish was different as they did not articulate their views and attitudes of their culture in religious terms. The Hindu intelligential were definitely more receptive to the cultural and religious ideas as contrasted by the keep aloof behavior in resolution to Muslim, French and Portugese ideologies.However the elaboration of the national movements ideal by Gandhiji in vocabulary of Neo-Hinduism lay the seeds of religious conflict in India which led to separatism. nonpareil of the important omissions in this Neo-Hindu perception was its inability to comprehend the belief structure of Muslims and the differences with Hindus. Salvation in Hinduism is of an individual whereas the Muslims and Christians find their salvation as a transgress of a large religious community. The politics of the nineteenth century and the strength of nationalism has gone missing today but religion appears to be as strong as ever and a fundamental pillar in our politics.Secularism has been re-defined and pse udo-secularism seems to be the order of the day where massacre of the majority community hardly draws a reaction publicly except in private. The Politics of Religion is as strong as ever and there is only a change of perception. Our politicians neer miss an opportunity to exploit the use of religion, be it the Hindu view or the Muslim angle and India politics would continue to use Religion and the clan system for their survival.

Coal industry of pakistan Essay

Pakistan has a very large scorch reserve base only Thar coal can be used to make 40,000 MW of Electricity for the contiguous 100 years. Regional powers like China are very much interested in the project and are willing to pour billions of dollars in these projects if the Govt. of Pakistan issues free guarantee. Sector will essentially contribute to the wiping out of the difference in the electricity shortage. It would shotilise the economy as oil imports are going to fall down which contribute to $8 Billion of our imports. Coal can be exportinged to countries around the world. Many countries are shifting to coal as means of energy and this raises export opportunity for the coal exports too. The labour cost in the tap industry is very low as compared to other parts of the world and essentially gift higher profit margins. The Tax rate is nil during exploration, mine construction and extraction phase.WEAKNESSESSerious lack of infrastructure facilitiesMany organisation restrict ive policies and non much help provided by the government. Government not fulfilling there contracts.There is no consistency in Government policy.Low quality coal forthcoming mostlyToo much capital required to extract the coal.Thermal energy would mean more pollutionOPPORTUNITIES elaborateness of energy base of PakistanExpansion of export base and reduction of oil imports.Opportunity to boost lagging industries.Growing demand of CoalTHREATSForeign involvement which might restrict local developmentRestrictive policies and red tapism by governmentControl of reserves by only a few major playersOil Lobby be a very strong force in Pakistan.Problem faced by this IndustryLack of safety and securityPakistans image and semipolitical situation is a deterrent to investment Pakistans image and political situation is a deterrent to investment The industry sustained a stab back in the recent years.Lack of knowledge of the mineral potential.Lack of Labour Safety.Lack of Government vision.Deve lopment expenditure being used for crisis caution purposes. The industry relies on the findings of the PCSIR laboratories.PCSIR labs do not possess the necessary tools and equipments for refinement of minerals. Not a convenient supply of coal and at times they charter to revert to oil and gas for there production mostly the cement companies.Recommendation for the industryThere has to be innovation in the sort of archeological site techniques being adopted in Pakistan. Adoption of modern exploration techniques like photo geology, satellite imaging, Underground Gasification can be useful for the industry. Information regarding coal reserves, grades and annual production must be maintained for the information of investors that may guide their future programme and work. And it must be easily available on Government portal. Mineral development fund to be created & spent by outsourcing the infrastructure programmes to private organizations.Allocation of funds from World Bank for minera l celestial sphere programmes. Due representation to be given to all the stakeholders from mineral sector i.e. laborers, Investors e.t.c. In order to for people to be interested in the mining sector, government has to provide facilities for the workers and management near to the mining facilities. Improve the efficiency of the emergency rescuers in case of an accident in a mine. Participate in transnational minerals exhibitions and fairs for creating awareness of Pakistans mineral potential to foreign investor.This would also built the Image of Pakistan. In most of the mining camps basic facilities of roads and other basic infrastructure facilities have not been provided. As a result the mine to market accessibility is very low and also increases the cost of mining. More degrees relating to the mining industry should be started as there are only 3 till date in Pakistan A separate board for mining be made involving technocrats.Train & improve capacity of all persons in minerals ma nagements. Establish mini power plants on coal in the mining areas.Provide in service training to technical staff i.e. laborers. Establish machinery-pool to extend services on cost effective basis Provide soft loans in the mining Industry.

Power and Knowledge Essay

Poststructuralism as mavin of the contemporary policy- make philosophy gain its popularity because of its radical assumptions that veered away from the conventional structuralist thinking. The project of the renaissance scholars to control allthing including nature through the used of cognition particularly scientific cognition did non gain much fame in this late century. Structuralism although it offers much in savouring how institutions served as parts of a neighborly system tend to believe that gild could control the individual with the charge of science. However, the ideas of Jean Lyotard, Michel Foucault and Jean-Luc Nancy proved otherwise.The dream of grand theorists to integrate knowledge and create a unified social system is the very idea that most contemporary theorists avoid. Prior to the development of poststructuralism, discussion on index and knowledge is eternally a lineament resonaten within the structures and not something that e earthly concernates from the individual, this structure-agency pendulum continues to fascinate theorists. Structural functionalists believed that social structures such(prenominal) as religion, culture, and government have strong carry over the individual particularly in their acculturation process.Talcott Parsons (1951) for instance, look society as the social system divided by subsystems that have specific functions. for each maven part of society functions and creates mutual interdependence thus maintaining the dynamism of whole social system(Parsons 1951). The modern-day political philosophy spreads a lot of venues in analyzing society with proposing meta narratives. Much of the themes of contemporary thinkers would be on the consequences of modernity, globalization among others. Topics on advocate and knowledge argon just two of the basic issues that philosophers continuously are gaining interest.It provides a picture on how the development of knowledge transformed provide relations in contempo rary society. Contemporary political philosophy as it is advanced by the writings of three philosophers mentioned in the previous paragraph, look at federal agency and knowledge in a different light. Before, the scholars would think that the development of knowledge is in a continuum and that power is exerted by institutions to the individual as if power has a center or a fixed point. In Contemporary political philosophy one washbowl view that the source of power comes from various agencies,and the struggling character of power is in every talk over.Power is not only unpatterned on political apparatus, on the religious order or on the intellectual community only if power is seen on all arrays of everyday existence. Our day to day social relations are power relations. One of the contemporary thinkers who would employ much time in discussing power is Foucault. Some thinkers enumerateed him as a poststrcuturalist or a postmodern thinker, because of the fluidity of his ideas. More over, there are critics who accused him of relativism because of his hypothesis favors, intersubjectivity, the discursive method, hash out among others.Foucault (2002) did not suggests a central power or a solid one that one fecal matter see for instance in an authoritarian society, rather in look at society, one could see pockets of power or a decentralized one coming from various discourses. On the other hand, in his theory of knowledge one can see its deviation from Descartes Cogito. Reason as the underlying article of faith of the enlightenment period, did not escaped the gaze of Foucault. In his Madness and Civilization (1965) he examined that through history, insanity became an invention that would serve as the opposite of reason.With the definition on madness as non-rational or irrational, it justifies the power of reason during the enlightenment period. Only through its binary opposition which is madness can reason hold its power. The control of the patient with the de velopment of psychiatry in Madness and Civilization (1965) also served as a critique that looks at how modern society manifests the same features as that one can find in the discipline of psychiatry. There are various means by which society controls the individual. Foucault discussed that in the modern era, physical exercise power need not necessarily be brute and obvious.One example is his idea of penalisation as a result of deviating from the norm. Foucault in Discipline an Punish (1977), discussed in what way torture as a form of punishment in the 18th century was transformed by discipline. With the birth of the prison, sort of of attacking the physical body the institution inculcate discipline as a form of punishment. This feature of the prison, and horizontal the birth of the clinic shows how slowly modern society is becoming to a greater extent authoritarian and all of these are possible because of the different knowledge that mint believe as true and moral during their t imes.Foucault in his archaeology of Knowledge (2002) look at historical development not in a continuum because he did not believed in a unified discourse as proposed by grand narratives such as that of the Parsonian theory. What one can see through history are various realities, are what he called discontinuities. Much of his theory of power and knowledge could also be seen in the History of Sexuality (1990) wherein he is not kindle in sexuality per se, but in looking at the underlying struggle within the discourse of sexuality. plot of land in the earlier periods, society repress ones sexuality, this kind of discourse even propagates it. The more that society for instance repressed homosexuality, the more that people become interested in exploring the topic. In the History of Sexuality (1990)), he sees the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge. One example is the different meanings that society give on sexual relations such as relations out of marriage and the one allowed by the community. These definitions creates divisions in society, thus exercising power over the individual through social norms.By propagating a certain kind of knowledge, this could lead to a power relation between groups. The one who is in control of knowledge will therefore exercise power to the other group. However, it essential be mop up that the reciprocal relation of power and knowledge is not fixed rather it transform through every discourse. Apart from Foucault, Jean Lyotard also contributes to the debate on the relationship of power and knowledge. In his book, the Postmodern hold back (1979) Lyotard mentioned that the transformation of society into industrialized and complex system leads into the redefinition of the nature of knowledge.In Modern societies, the power of the capitalists to open the market leads to the question that, what kind of knowledge is acceptable or is legitimate provided that there are a lot of choices. Lyotard(1979) sees the complexities in modern times because when one looks at it, it is in no longer a question of simple legitimacy of knowledge but a question of who has the power to decide what is acceptable or legitimate. In addressing the uncertainties of knowledge, Lyotard suggests that one should employ the value of speaking the same language game.How can people speak the same language provided that there are various ways of learning things? Lyotard believes that one must contextualize, and in this part he adopts Wittgensteins language game. By contextualizing, the person should be aware of the rules before making fancyable actions. Lyotard believes that to be able to analyze knowledge in contemporary society, one must consider what kind of society it is situated. The split between Parsonian theory and that of Marxism will definitely help in looking at the problem of knowledge. Initially one will decide whether to maintain the status quo or radically change it.Because of the ability of language to bind society through communication, Lyotard favors this framework in addressing the issue of knowledge in the postmodern era. Greatly influenced by Heidegger on the other hand, Jean -Luc Nancy (1991) believed that we are thrown into the adult male therefore we should not rely on God for our existence. Contemporary society according to him is becoming more chaotic in the sense that the harmonious relation in traditional society is transformed into a complex society where there are a lot of uncertainties. Uncertainties are brought by the unintended consequences of modernity.With the approach of globalization, the closed and neatly tied community is transformed into a complex one. While some thinkers consider the development of society into industrialized one as beneficial, still there are paradoxes to this rationality. Nancy in his pattern of community critique the grand project of some societies to create a well-planned system such in the case of the socialist state where it only leads to violence. Mu ch of the discussions of contemporary political philosophy dwells on how you can locate the discourse on power as a consequence of the accumulation of knowledge.The Unintended consequences of mans search for knowledge and the transformation of knowledge into its many forms leads to different power relations. These power relations are seen on every realm of life, on every discourse in society. It is crucial to pock that in the analysis of power, power lies to those who have control over knowledge, and in this age of information technology where there is an easy access to all forms of knowledge, it is only logical to think that power is distributed therefore decentralized.While the contemporary era provide a lot of alternatives,undeniably there are consequences that not even scientific knowledge can calculate. Yet the quest for further knowledge continues because beneath those ideas there you can always find power. Various forms of power operates on every realm of life. These are th e fascinations of philosophers of the twentieth century.

International Marketing Vifon to Japan

japan is relieve the 2nd biggest sell market in the world with 127 million consumers that appreciate high quality and excellent service. China may have more factories these days, still how many people there can genuinelyly afford western goods? When it comes to measure market size, japan still accounts for more than 55% of the whole Asian sell market. japan is also the nation with the highest demand for fares imports as it has the lowest self-sufficiency rate (39% yet), 61% of all provenders consumed in Japan is imported (United Nations, cc8).In 2011 the Nipponese retail market had to cope with the March 11, 2011 shock and then compensate for the various after effects. Initially aspiration spiked with the mass purchases of emergency items such as bottled water and batteries, followed by corresponding declines in purchases corresponding party items and non-essential goods. The economy shifted from a rocky footing onto a more stable pathway by summer and consumer behaviour normalized. Nipponese consumer adapted to current preferences in reaction to the events, changing retail market demands significantly. First, Japanese consumers began eating out less, while having meals at home more. This has led to an increase in the Home meal Replacement (HMR) sector, as well as the frozen feed sector. Second, Japanese consumers are more advertent to products with longitudinal shelf life, in case of future emergency situations. The Japanese retail market is dominated by two demographics Young career seeking individuals in single mortal households B. grocery breakdown lend retail gross revenue including food, beverages, general merchandise, fabrics, apparel, and accessories in Japan amounted to $832. 6 billion in 2011. Of this fgure the total food and beverage retail gross sales amount was $527. billion. Total retail sales have increased separately year since 2008. In 2007, there were total retail sales of $614. 6 billion and food & beverages sales of $ 370. 6 billion. Below are the total sales fgures C. Food sales 2011 The Japanese retail food industry in 2011 experienced maturement across all three categories of capacious and conventional supermarkets, incision throw ins, and public lavatory stores.As stated previously the resilience of the industry and its ability to quickly adapt to the market changes on with economic growth in the latter half 2009 to 2011 for the three retail categories D. Food and Beverage gross sales Japan While food sales grew across all segments, overall sales growth was detect in most regions of Japan as many households spent more time and money acquire food items to consume at home rather than spending money at restaurants in 2011. eatery spending did increase in 2011, but food purchases for home consumption were the coarser portion of spending.Japanese real economic growth rate for 2011 was estimated at minus 0. 4% by the Bank of Japan. The negative growth rate was expected due to the hardship s that had to be overcome, but it is important to keep in ind that even in an environment of stagnant sales geographic markets in Japan are quite sizable a great deal exceeding that of entire countries. E. Establishment Trends In 2011, supermarkets and convenience stores proceed to be the primary distribution pathway for food in Japan.The market has been relatively stable over the last 3 long time with the unless nonable trend that department stores are losing ground slightly, but this corresponds with the decline of department store sales in general. F. Large Scale and Conventional Supermarkets Japan Supermarkets in Japan represent the largest provider of food and within the upermarket sector the top 5 companies (AEON, Ito Yokado, Uny, Daiei, and Life Corp. ) represent 65% of all sales. 1. Target Market As the Japanese market continues to mature, supermarket giants have strengthened their networks to reach single adults and Generation M.The older generation especially has wea lth to spend they are targeting this group by changing store hours. In sum to opening early, supermarkets have special promotions related to these early bird specials resulting in more foot vocation especially among the elderly population. 2. Price Competition Price competition has become more intense and is a major feature of the upermarket business in Japan. Supermarkets are reducing costs and improving their infrastructures through restructuring and closedown unprofitable stores in an effort to improve efficiency.The companies which have succeeded to reduce management cost and to prevent losings have regained their profit. Speciality supermarkets are important for export products because these stores carry products with higher prices. Their focus is own brand import foods and beverages, there is about 900 speciality supermarkets within the top 10 chains, plus about 200 POS as 3. Company Highlights The following table highlights the Japanese supermarket industry food sales, an d the percentage component those sales represent.The general trend has been greater food sales in 2011. G. Convenience Stores (CVS) Japan There is a total public figure of about 48,000 convenience stores in Japan. In 2011 convenience stores were proactive and were one of the graduation exercise retailers to move into the Northeast Japan area. The mobility of convenience store operations, smaller size, and less SKUs allowed convenience stores to play a vital role in supplying the region. One way convenience stores helped after the disaster was by releasing Mobile Convenience Stores.These are small 3 ton trucks which can hold up to 300 items of bento boxes, rice balls, drinks, and snacks. These trucks were used in areas where stores were destroyed or where evacuees had trouble accessing food. Convenience stores in 2011 continued strategies to develop and maintain efficient networks. Convenience stores for the top 7 operators in 2010 numbered 41,663 and in 2011 the total number of co nvenience stores in Japan increased by 13. 4% to 48,139 according to the Nikkei fiscal 2011 convenience store survey.This expansion and competitive trend will continue in 2012 as the top 5 convenience stores plan on opening over ,700 new stores. Food sales grew again in 2011 by an addendumal $8 billion and three of the top 4 convenience store chains stony-broke their records for operating profit. Profits were boosted by female and elderly customers buying merry food, desserts, and ready to eat meals in the aftermath of the quake. Seven & Eleven became the first Japanese retailer to achieve more than trillion ($37. 1 billion) in annual sales.With the earnings in 2011, convenience stores are set to once again spread out outlets and network capabilities in 2012. H. Department Stores Japan Since the 1980s Japanese department stores have faced vertical competition from he growth of supermarkets, malls, and convenience stores. Department stores generally have a variety of shops and s ervices, with the wine cellar level having a grocery or eatery shops. ln 2011 department store food sales amounted to $23. 9 billion, representing 12. 3% of the Retail Food market in Japan.Over the last decade total department store sales of non-food products have declined. However, food sales at department stores have grown because of premium products, location, and the use of the depachika. Depachika agency the basement floor of the department store where fresh food halls are traditionally located. Traditionally, depachika was a letup retail food location. This changed when shops introduced high-quality HMR, creating a new niche food market in Japan. In addition, famed restaurants became tenants and lent their brand names to popularize depachika.The depachika phenomenon customers to department stores. Department stores are often attached to large train stations (such as the newly opened Shibuya Hikarie owned and operated by Tokyu Corp). Because of the proximity to the stations , pedestrians can comfortably access depachika eateries Tokyu Corps Hikarie location is estimated to attract 14 million isitors a year, with 200 shops, and many of the eateries staying open until 4am on weekends. Pricing, Quality and Premium Department stores usually carry imported branded products, but they are typically in low quantities.Many of the items are packaged as take-and-go products due to the proximity to stations and the premium nature of the products for use as gifts. l. Consumer Preferences Japan Japanese consumers have some general historic preferences that one should consider. Japan is a nation that prefers convenience, quality, and single-serving sizes. Returning to the latter item, an estimated 3. 3 million people commute into Tokyo any day according to Tokyo Metropolitan government. The commute is mostly done via train and then on foot. Therefore convenience and accessibility are highly valued by Japanese consumers. J.Recent Retail Trends in Japan There are re cent trends of burgeoning growth for Private Brands, robust Foods, Eco- friendly or nada saving foods (typically as frozen foods), market consolidation for greater efficiency, and new retail ideas to meet new demands. Energy efficient foods (frozen foods bento dashi), prepared foods (Home Meal Replacements HMR), and esserts have all seen a strong market growth. Healthy or Functional foods continue to be important. WHOLESALE MIDDLEMEN IN JAPAN Wholesalers are middlemen who purchase only to resell, and whose customers are often not final demanders but instead retailers or opposite in large quantitiesrs.Any sensible compendium of wholesaling needs to begin by recognizing that middlemen of all sorts lower the costs of trading rather than adding to them otherwise they could not charge prices that their customers willingly pay and that cover their own costs. The costs of middlemen are transactions costs by definition they are costs of activities hat are either essential to trade or that help trade. These include the costs of assuring ownership rights, detecting the quality of traded goods, discovering valuable trading opportunities, negotiating mutually harmonical terms, and so on.Those who can perform these services at costs that are lower than the middlemans spread (difference between bid price and asking price) to the lowest level that Just covers their own costs. In all these respects, wholesaling in Japan surely resembles wholesaling in other nations but there is one issue about wholesaling in Japan that stands out. The peculiar thing about wholesaling in Japan is the often large number of separate wholesalers through whose hands goods pass before reaching their ultimate destinations on the shelves of retail stores.One indication of this fact is the large percentage of merchant wholesalers sales that are to other wholesalers 41. 9% for Japan versus 24. 8% for the US and 16. 2% for West Germany. A more precise indication of the numbers of wholesale g o in Japan can be constructed from data on the gross markup of retailers prices over manufacturers prices and from the mean(a) price spreads of all wholesalers. Dividing the total price markup in a wholesale chain by the number price spread of all wholesalers gives an estimate of the number of wholesalers in the chain.The total total price markup in wholesale chains is in fact less in Japan than in the US, but the average price markup of each wholesaler is also less in Japan than in the US, so we sympathise that on the average Japanese marketing crinkles have a greater number of wholesale steps. The typical or average marketing channels in Japan includes two wholesalers in successiveness while that in the US includes only one. The common held view that wholesale marketing hannels are longer or have more steps in Japan than in the US is thus supported.Japans multiplicity of wholesale steps reflects its proliferation of retail outlets. Retail business like food, liquor, and toi letries that have vastly more outlets person in Japan than in the US also tend to have more wholesale steps in Japan. One further fact about wholesale marketing channels in Japan is worth iterating. Marketing channels that have particularly many wholesale steps in the US. For instance, fresh fish, meat, and vegetables all have more wholesale steps than most other kinds of business in two nations. Shoes and apparel have relatively few wholesale steps in both countries.Common forces surface to be operative in the economies of both Japan and America. Marketing channels in Japan and elsewhere reflect the calculated attempts of profit-seeking entrepreneurs to economize on transport costs, to avert spoilage, and to collect and act on randomness about the local demands for goods. The same is true of other aspects of Japanese marketing channels, including that which we next address, the contractual arragements among channel members. MEDIA According to the latest survey on the time-usage of the Japanese (Kokumin Seikatsu-Jikan Chosa) done in October 1995 by NHK Oapan Governmental broadcast medium Corporation), the average Japanese watches television for three hours and twenty- eight minutes a day. This nation-wide survey has been conducted every louver years, and the time spent watching TV in 1995 was longer than that of 1990 by more than TV broadcasting began in Japan in 1953. The same survey reports that the average Japanese reads a newspaper for twenty one minutes a day, which is so short compared to the time spent watching TV. In addition the time spent reading newspapers has not changed so much for the past twenty five years (19 min. 1970, 20 in. 975, 21 min. 1980, 20 min. 1985, 20 min. 1990). Another survey reports that already in 1962 more than a half of the Japanese got news information mainly not from newspaper but from television, and this trend is by far more evident than ever at present. Thus the role of the TV in the Japanese everyday life is so big, but as we will see later we cannot always advance that the social position of it is high in the social information environment of Japan. And this is also the case of other developed countries like the I-JK, about seventy percent of whose people got news information not from newspapers but from television in 1993.

Effects Of National Culture Essay

Since 1988, our world has changed in a myriad of ways. As dictatorships progress to risen and f e really(prenominal)en and innovative democracies prepare formed, the political subtlety of our caller is much different than in the age of the late Cold War. In addition to political changes, late technologies, including the world wide web and satellite communications have allowed people in different nations to carry much more than than than effectively. This research in this paper is very taboodated, non taking into account the rude(a) commercialize, trade laws, interest rank, or other economical factors of todays international stage bank line world.The member, The military issue of National Culture on the Choice of creation Mode, was written in 1988 by Bruce Kogut and Harbir Singh, of the Stockholm groom of Economics and the University of Pennsylvania, respectively. The authors believed in that respect were several essence of launching into abroad marts, inc luding joint take chancess, exclusively owned greenfield (start up) enthronements, and by acquisition. The authors examined these rules in depth and study the means by which the businesses not only started up, but operated in outside markets as well.The authors reviewed statistics, data, and literature, and formed hypothesis as to which methods were being used most, and in what industrial sector(s). The first means that some businesses projected and operated in a hostile country is through the acquisitions method. The acquisitions method entails purchasing a satisfactory amount of stock to control the primary sh ars of a certain company. This method efficacy be considered purchasing out a foreign company already in existence. However, as currency exchange rates and interest rates fluctuate on a daily basis, this would be trickier in todays market.For example, 20 long time ago, the dollar, the Japanese yen, the Canadian dollar, and the Indian Rupee were worth very differen t amounts. more importationantly, the Euro was not in use, as many of the countries in Eastern Europe in particular, were under(a) commie control. Today, as countries have become more aware of these fluctuating rates, it cogency be harder or riskier to enter a market through the acquisitions method. In addition, free trade laws and regulations withal regulate who can profane what and how much in a foreign market.The second means is a joint speculation method in which two or more wets share the assets and pro check offs of a certain company. Again, the same troubles might exist as in the acquisitions method, with fluctuating currency exchange rates affecting profit. For example, if a business operated in both China and the fall in States, as economies changed and foreign tax laws changed, the company could fall under financial strain. The influence of securely discover on inlet choice has played a grown role in several of the studies employing the Harvard Multinational E nterprise Data Base.In their pioneering study on the self-control structure of American multinational firms, Stopford and sur grammatical construction 1972 rig joint ventures, relative to all owned activities, were slight likely to be chosen, the more central the product to the core business of the firm and more experience the firm had in the relevant country. Similarly, they found that marketing and publicizing intensity, as well as research and development intensity, discouraged the use of joint ventures. (Kogut & Singh 1988)This mindset would make sense, as it is hard to run a successful business in one culture, let alone worry about marketing, advertising, and research costs. It also would make sense that two countries might not do the exact same way to a business plan and marketing techniques. The third means of entry is a greenfield, or start-up, investment, completely radically to the foreign market. While some of the challenges of tax laws, currency exchange, and i nterest rates would also affect this means, the biggest bulwark might be the heathenish barriers.Although the world is getting small each day give thanks to the cyberspace and satellite communications, hundreds of languages and dialects are still spoken end-to-end the world. This might lead to a communications problem if a foreigner attempted a greenfield investment. Besides language barriers, marketing and advertising techniques would need to be researched in order to be effective in a new country. The authors argue that joint venture is almost a cross between the two other methods, greenfield, and acquisitions.Many studies, as discussed later, have toughened greenfield and acquisition as representing alternative entry modes, with joint ventures being only a question of the full point of ownership. This approach implies that entry and ownership involve two sequential decisions, the first deciding whether to invest in new facilities or to bring in existing ones, the second one on how ownership should be shared. Whereas much(prenominal) an approach is clearly defensible on both theoretical and empirical grounds, we treat joint ventures as a choice made simultaneously with other alternative modes of entry.(Kogut & Singh 1988) For this reason, joint ventures can be expound as a gray area in foreign business acquisitions. For example, if a company bought out another one, or merged with another company, while retaining some of the business practices and/or staff, it would probably be considered a joint venture. The authors theorize that Greenfield entry is the best way, or at least that was what they believed in 1988. callable to the difficulty of integrating an already existing foreign management, cultural differences are likely to be particularly important in the case of an acquisition.Indeed, empirical studies on mostly domestic acquisitions have shown that post-acquisition costs are substantial and are influenced by what Jemison and Sitkin 1986 cal l the organizational fit of the two firms. They define organizational fit as the match between administrative practices, cultural practices, and personal characteristics of the target and parent firms (Jemison and Sitkin 1986, p. 1471. Sales and Mirvis 1984 memorial in detail the administrative conflicts following an acquisition when both firms differ strongly in their corporal cultures.In contrast to the integration costs of an acquisition, a joint venture serves frequently the purpose of duty assignment management tasks to local partners who are better able to manage the local labor force and relationships with suppliers, buyers, and governments Franko 1971 Stopford and Wells 1972. Thus, a joint venture resolves the foreign partners problems ensuing from cultural factors, though at the cost of sharing control and ownership. Unquestionably, a joint venture is affected by the cultural outmatch between the partners.But such conflict should not obscure the original motivation to c hoose a joint venture because the-initial alternative of integrating an acquisition appeared more disruptive than delegating management tasks to a local partner. Of course, a joint venture whitethorn be troubled not only by the cultural distance of the partners, but also due to concerns over sharing copyrighted assets. A wholly owned greenfield investment avoids both the costs of integration and conflict over sharing proprietary assets by imposing the management style of the investment funds firm on the start-up while preserving full ownership.(Kogut & Singh 1988) In 2008, businesses would face some of the same challenges as in 1988, such as the cost of integration, conflict of sharing proprietary assets, and administrative and management differences. However, as more and more businesses have gone orbiculate, most countries would have contracts and lawyers delimit clear parameters on such details. The authors came to this conclusion by testing two hypothesis. The first focused o n cultural differences.Kogut & singh (1988) said that, The greater the cultural distance when the country of the investing firm and the country of entry, the more likely a firm lead choose a joint venture or wholly owned greenfield over an acquisition. This hypothesis primarily focused on the costs of running and managing a business from a greater distance. The second hypothesis as stated by Kogut & Singh (1988) stated that, The greater the culture of the investing firm is characterized by un evidence avoidance regarding organizational practices, the more likely that firm will choose a joint venture or wholly owned greenfield over an acquisition. As with all unknowns, a foreign company could not be expected to know the exact way a business and marketing plan would be executed and responded to in a foreign market. Basically, the data found that uncertainty was the main reason companies goed to shy away from acquisitions and enter the market through a greenfield or joint venture me thod. This reason would still hold true today as the world market fluctuates and recessions come and go. The studies also noted that the methods of entry into a particular market varied depending on the product, service, or industry.There is a clear difference in industry patterns among the modes of entry. Joint ventures are relatively more frequent in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and electric and nonelectric machinery. Acquisitions occur primarily in natural resources, financial services, and miscellaneous manufacturing industries. chemic and electrical machinery are especially attractive industries for greenfield investments. At a higher level of aggregation, acquisitions tend to be relatively more common than other modes of entry in nonmanufacturing sectors of the economy. (Kogut & Singh 1988)The article, since it was written 20 years ago, analyzed data primarily from the industrial sectors of resource, paper, chemical, petroleum, metal, rubber, machinery, electrical, transportati on, and instrumentation. It had some analysis of data in communications, wholesale, financial, and other services. Now, in 2008, the name would include a lot of new data for technology, automobile, computers, and pharmaceuticals, to name a few. The list would also be inclusive of customer service outsourcing, a practice common among many technology and computer companies. Furthermore, new sanctions have been imposed on some natural resources.It may not be possible, for example, for a foreign company to come in and control an oil field, a diamond mine, or a rainforest. much(prenominal) companies might be required to work jointly with a company in the nation they desire to do business, thus keeping it a joint venture somewhat. In 2008, any analysis of entry into foreign markets would also mention the oil trade, and the complexities that accompany it. As the recent conflict in Iraq has shown us, cultural differences and political challenges may hamper easy trade and setting up busin ess in a middle eastern country.In the next few years, as new automobiles are developed to hopefully not be as oil-dependent, the market will change yet again. Another difference in automobiles are the influx of foreign cars to the coupled States, and the continual race to develop the most fuel-efficient car amongst competitors throughout the world. The article analyzed data primarily from the get together States, Western Europe, and Japan. It found differences based on these countries. Again, there are strong differences among the modes of entry. For Japan, 46 of its 114 entries are joint ventures.Whereas Japanese acquisitions are not common, Japanese firms have a high proportion of the wholly owned Greenfield investments. Scandinavia and, especially France, also lean towards joint ventures. United Kingdom represents the other extreme 111 of its 141 entriesare acquisitions, with the remainder chargely divided between joint ventures and greenfield. (Kogut & Singh 1988) Twenty yea rs ago, the European Union was not in existence and many Eastern European Countries were under communistic rule, thus meaning they had very different laws, regulations, and business practices than they do today.The Euro was not yet a currency, so trading and doing business amongst European nations was also very different. Also, the article makes little mention of a very new powerful force in the global market China. As China has made horrible economic and technological gains in this decade, it has begun to not only dominate the world market, but also emergence out and do business in foreign countries. This relationship is reciprocal as European and American businesses are also looking to enter the Chinese market at the same time.Another breaker point the article looked at which is very different today than 20 years ago is the size of businesses. They seek to understand whether or not larger businesses entered a market usually one way, while smaller businesses did something else . Obviously, while larger firms may have had more resources to acquire, smaller firms may have had the flexibility to do so more frequently. It stands to reason that the larger the investing firm, the greater its ability to acquire. Despite the logic, the empirical certainty is mixed.Dubin 1975 found that smaller firms tended to acquire relatively more frequently than large firms, though he did not control for other factors. In his cross-sectional tests, Wilson (1980) confirmed Dubins findings. However, these studies drew upon entry data of the largest corporations of the United States and other European countries. Caves and Mehra I9861 study did not restrict their attention to entries of the larger corporations. Their results showed that the size of the entering firm is positively and significantly related to entry by acquisition overgreenfield. Because acquisitions require generally more financial and managerial resources than joint ventures, size of the foreign firms assets shou ld be positively fit with the tendency to acquire. Conversely, acquisitions are discouraged, the larger the assets of the American partner, target firm, or investment size. (Kogut & Singh 1988) In 2008, this may or not be the same, as firms in certain industries may have grown and merged, while others may have decreased in size and split up into more specific companies.Also, the lending practices and investment practices are different today than they were 20 years ago, so a company may have more ways through which to acquire start-up capital necessary for operating in a foreign market. The article also examined why certain companies may enter a foreign market. Twenty years ago, not all countries possessed the technology, skills, or resources needed for some businesses. This caused companies to enter foreign markets to get what they were lacking in their own country.The previous empirical studies have assumed, however, foreign entry was usually for the purpose of market access or l ow cost manufacturing. Clearly, foreign entry into the United States may be motivate in order to source technology or purchase brand labels. The more diverse motives of investing in the American economy make it more difficult to sign the structural variables. For example, firms from R&D-intensive industries might joint venture if they possess the requisite technologies but lack the marketing depth. Or they may tend to acquire if they are investing for technology sourcing.Similarly, firms from marketing-intensive industries might engage in a joint venture if they possess the brand label but lack other resources along the value-added chain. Or they may acquire if they are investing for market penetration and lack label recognition. Stopford and Wells 1972 found that American firms pursue an advertising-intensive strategy tend to full ownership of their overseas subsidiaries. Their data is drawn, however, from a time when American firms were investing overseas with clear strategic adv antages.For our study, it is equally likely that foreign firms are investing in the United States for technology and brand label acquisition as for the exploitation of their proprietary assets. No prediction is made, therefore, on the signs of the coefficients for R&D and Advertising. (Kogut & Singh 1988). In 2008, as natural resources have been discovered in other part of the world and new technologies have emerged, countries that were formerly primarily importers are not exporters, and countries that primarily exported, now import more from elsewhere.As the playing field changes every year, its important to note that countries will be continuing to search for the next best place or resource to help grow their company. Also, thanks to the internet and a computer-savvy generation, it is possible that some countries will not need outside help advertising or marketing, or with brand-name recognition. If the article were to be re-written today, obviously new data would need to be sta sh away reflecting the changes of the last 20 years, including new industrial sectors, new companies, and more countries. The researchers would need to also differentiate between a few things.First, they would need to look at a specific industry, because, as they stated, the means of entry vary greatly depending on the industry. For example, one might enter a foreign banking market very different than had they entered a foreign market strictly to utilize their natural resources or labour force. Also, the article did not look enough at the cultural aspect of the business world. It would be remiss not to notice that there are some cultures who object to foreigners doing business in their country and would not respond to foreign business plans.For example, the United States and European nations might successfully acquire or start a business in China or Japan, yet not be as successful in a Middle Eastern Country. In conclusion, considering the article is over 20 years old, and the data was even older, the authors did a great job of analyzing data and investigating business trends and foreign market entry modes. It provides a great insight into the past and the mindset of the times, before new trade laws, instant communication, and most importantly, new products and services used by people worldwide.As societies change every day, as third world countries become first world, and new drugs are developed to cure a myriad of conditions, the only certainty is that 20 years from now, we will be in a very different business world as a result of our actions today.REFERENCESCaves, Richard. E. 1982. Multinational enterprise and economic analysis Cambridge, U. K. Cambridge University Press. Dubin, Michael. 1975. Foreign acquisitions and the spread of the multinational fi. D. B. A. thesis, Jemison, D. B. & S. B. Sitkin. 1986. Corporate acquisitons A process perspective, Academy of Management.Kogut, Bruce, and Harbir Singh. 1988. The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode. The Journal of International Business Studies k S. Mehra. 1986. Entry of foreign multinationals into U. S. manufacturing industries. In M. Porter, ed. , Competition in global industries. Boston Harvard Business School. Sales, A. L. & P. H. Mirvis. 1984. When cultures collide hues in acquisition. In Managing organizational Stepford, J. & L. Wells. 1972. Managing the multinational enterprise Organization of the firm and ownership. New York Basic Books.