Certificate of Need (CON) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Certificate of Need (CON) - Case Study Example The CON is crucial in the clinical setting in that it evaluates the competing interests and boost economic value. Without the CON, it is evident that the health care environment would be a free market with open competition. Challenges would emerge when making decisions and expanding medical services. As an outside consultant, I seek to evaluate the diversity issues in this case study and their impact in the clinical setting. The advantage of this position is that it lays a strong ground to be open-minded when giving out the solutions on what should be done to enhance quality care. However, the main challenge is that one does not have the power to make decisions that affects the organization. With this, the chief administrator would be in a better position to oversee what is going on in the organization and implement decisions that enhance the organization’s success. Diversity Issues and their impact The case in consideration is the open heart surgery, which is a highly profita ble service that profits Pennsylvania. From 1996-1997 to 2007-2009, Pennsylvania increased the number of hospitals offering open heart surgery. Despite the progress made, the number of procedures made in the state decreased by 37%. The change attributed to less usage of clinical facilities, skilled surgical teams, and cardiothoracic surgeons. The issue was so severe that it contributed to the termination of three hospitals, which are Medical College of Pennsylvania, Episcopal Hospital, and Graduate Hospital. The main question that emerges from this case is why so many open heart programs would be launched despite the face of declining market. Major Problems and Issue In my opinion, open heart programs would be launched because they bring profit to the organization. As previously mentioned, open heart surgery is a highly profitable service that supports many hospitals. Nevertheless, opening many heart programs in the face of declining market would lead to economic depression. Most ho spitals may not be in a position to meet their financial goals and objectives. The machines used on these programs are costly. Thus, it is important to understand the market before launching or adding them. This would prevent economic problems that eventually may hinder the successful running of the organization (Jonas, & Kovner, 2011). Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses Although the new programs were justified to bring income, the truth of the matter is that there was no market analysis conducted prior to launching the programs. The organization fails to recognize the negative effects that would emerge from launching open heart programs in the face of the declining market. As documented in the case study, the change of these programs resulted into less efficient utilization of clinical facilities and highly skilled surgical teams. In other words, it affected the entire work performance and productivity of the organization. Because of economic depression caused by programs laun ched, the Philadelphia experienced a number of changed such as the closure of three known hospitals. Alternatives and Resolution To rationalize the number of programs in an open and free market I would embrace the CON in effort to increase the access of many hospitals to use the programs. The CON would help to improve quality in major health care services, and in turn this would boost the planning and resource development of the hospital. The services I would recommend this organization to embrace in the CON is preparing, revising, and reviewing rules and regulation for the analysis of medical services application. It is also important to conduct special studies and projects on the major k health issues with special improvement in the

Community Health Promotion Tool Essay Example for Free

Community Health Promotion Tool Essay Kimberly Thomas: Good Evening, I am Kimberly Thomas. I’m interviewing Hypertension what is a disorder that affects cardiovascular system. Let’s talk about the population and treatment for hypertension. There are a lot of medications for hypertension. What is hypertension? Where do you start for treatment? Hypertension: Hypertension is high blood pressure. Well, there are several medication treatments for hypertension. Most doctor start patients with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), which is a diuretic. Diuretics are basically known as a water pill, which helps remove excess sodium and water from the body. Second most common medicine for hypertension is beta blockers. Beta blockers help the heart to beat a slower pace with less force. Again, there are several other medication treatments for hypertension, and your primary care physicians will discuss what options are best for you. Kimberly Thomas: Ok, thank you. Who are at risk of hypertension? Hypertension: There are some cultures that are more at risk than others. However, certain conditions and habits can put anyone at risk for high blood pressure. According to Hypertension (n.d.), â€Å"Its more common in African American adults than in Caucasian or Hispanic American adults.† African Americans tend to get high blood pressure early in life. Also, Puerto Rican adults have higher rates of hypertension than any other Hispanic group. Kimberly Thomas: Why do you think African Americans and Puerto Ricans are more at risk than any other culture? Hypertension: There are several factors why these two cultures are more at risk than other cultures. According to Hypertension (n.d.), â€Å"The main factor is the choice of food both cultures eat. Both cultures diet include too much salt.† Kimberly Thomas: Heredity is a factor correct? Can the individual manage some of the risk factors? Hypertension: Yes to both of your questions. There are a few things you can do to manage your high blood pressure. If you’re overweight, it’s highly recommend that you start exercising. Eat healthy food low in saturated fat, Trans fat, cholesterol and salt. Limit your alcohol intake, and stop smoking. Always, take medicine the way your doctor tells you. Kimberly Thomas: I absolutely agree with that. Kimberly Thomas: What about impact it has on cost? Hypertension: According to Hypertension (n.d.), â€Å"In 2010, high blood pressure was projected to cost the United States $93.5 billion in health care services, medications, and missed days of work.† Kimberly Thomas: How does hypertension impact the society? Hypertension: The number 1 cause of death in the United States throughout most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, whether the hypertension is treated or untreated, only 34% of Americans with hypertension have their blood pressure controlled to 140/90. An estimated 30 to 35 million Americans have uncontrolled hypertension, and are therefore at unduly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Kimberly Thomas: I completely agree with you. I think the number one problem we still have today is that there are many people out there who are not being adequately treated. People who are denial of their problem, is unfortunate because there is help for them. Kimberly Thomas: Well, that’s all for today and Thank you for your time. References: Hypertension. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hypertension/faqs.htm http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20019580

Essay --

Morality is the single most controversial and mind-boggling train of thought currently known to human-kind, and no particular individual more so exemplifies this conflict (or better summarizes my own personal beliefs) than Niccolà ² Machiavelli. Few writers in the whole of the human history have inspired the kind of personal hatred that Machiavelli has in the last 500 years, and few works have been as vilified, (or as popular) as The Prince. Machiavelli has been slandered and portrayed as a defender of tyrannical government, an atheistic promoter of immorality, and a manipulator whose interests were all self-serving. Today, the Oxford dictionary still characterizes "Machiavellian" as "of, like, or characterized by the political principles and methods of expediency, craftiness, and duplicity set forth in Machiavelli's book, The Prince; crafty, deceitful, and so on." Folk legend holds that "Old Nick," a slang term for the Devil, is derived from Machiavelli's first name, Niccolà ². Wi th that context kept in mind, isn’t morality founded on a specific set of core ideas? Isn’t it always defined by the acknowledgement of a central moral allegiance dominating all the others? From individualism to families, from tribalism to racism, from nationalism to religious fundamentalism or the allegiance to a totalitarian party what we see is the drawing of different â€Å"circles† centered on a basic, paramount moral norm. And Machiavelli is definitely not isolated in positing the interest of the nation as the foundation of his moral thinking. At the beginning of the 21st century we are still living within that same ideal nationalist realism. What could be more â€Å"Machiavellian† than the saying â€Å"My nation right or wrong†, which seems to be a still very popul... ...day? How can we maintain that, in an era when, from migrations to terrorism to the Tsunami to Chernobyl to aviary flu to AIDS, we are obliged to cope with challenges that are global, â€Å"group ethics† (be it tribal, religious or nationalistic) matches our reality, our needs, our stage of human development? We are definitely not on the eve of a global state, and yet we are no longer able to confine our economic, political, cultural but also moral scope within the limits of the borders of our national republic. There is no easy solution to our moral quandrums (another much discussed idea in the Discourses. Machiavelli’s daring, his awareness of unadorned reality, his honesty and anti-hypocrisy, his republican commitment can help us, if we are able to grasp the essence of his politics and his ethics, also in this very complex and problematic stage of human development.

Job Application

When applying for employment by mail a job application letter must accompany your resume. Often times an employer may be flooded by perhaps a stack of a hundred or more resumes on any given day. In such situations, getting an interview can represent a major break-through for the job applicant. The job application letter you write can and should be used to substitute for that all-important interview that you may not otherwise get, regardless of your qualifications. So, construct it wisely. Resumes at best part put forth only a rather simple table of data depicting your past work history and educational background for a potential employer's scrutiny. Lacking in a resume are many individual nuisances important to employers regarding the people they are about to add to their organization. Surveys of personnel directors of the five- hundred largest organizations show that the vast majority (over 80%) have agreed or strongly agree that they want to know: †¢ Your personality. What you are like and what you will be like as an employee? Why have you chosen to apply for employment with this particular company? †¢ What job are you specifically seeking? †¢ What makes you feel that your education or past experience relates to that job? †¢ Planning your job application letter: †¢ Think of your job application letter as being constructed of three parts: the introduction, body, and conclusion. The purpose of the introduction is to specify why you are writing and to say a few things about yourself, such as, where you are going to school and your major. The introduction gives you the opportunity to praise to the company for some specific quality it posses. This praise can serve to answer the silent question as to why you have chosen their company and also allows you to subtly display a personality technique that most people enjoy greatly, the ability to convey the feeling â€Å"I know you and I like you. † Caution though, praise must be specific because general praise has a tendency to sound insincere. The best line of praise should be to something in the company directly related to your line of work. Sometimes uncovering these facts can require a bit of research, please remember to learn the name and position of your intended reader. The body of your letter should be use to answer any questions your employer might have about how you feel that your education and background pertain to the job you are seeking. Here you want to draw connections from your past experiences and education to the specific skills required for the job you are seeking. †¢ In planning your letter's conclusion you must decide exactly how you intend to f ollow up your letter. Will you call within a specified period of time or will you await a telephone call or letter? You must bring the letter to a cordial but brief close. You must sound confident, yet never pushy. All ways ask for a follow-up interview. Remember, the letter you are sending along with your personal resume is your proverbial â€Å"foot in the door† with any would-be employer and often has to serve as your initial interview. Polish it carefully. Type job application XYZ Company 87 Delaware Road Hatfield, CA 08065 (909) 555-5555 george. [email  protected] com Date Dear Mr. Gilhooley, I am writing to apply for the programmer position advertised in the  Times Union. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application, my certification, my resume and three references. The opportunity presented in this listing is very interesting, and I believe that my strong technical experience and education will make me a very competitive candidate for this position. The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include: †¢ I have successfully designed, developed, and supported live use applications †¢ I strive for continued excellence †¢ I provide exceptional contributions to customer service for all customers With a BS degree in Computer Programming, I have a full understanding of the full life cycle of a software development project. I also have experience in learning and excelling at new technologies as needed. Please see my resume for additional information on my experience. I can be reached anytime via email at george. [email  protected] com or my cell phone, 909-555-5555. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking with you about this employment opportunity. Sincerely, FirstName LastName Writing an effective and powerful  job application letter is  an integral part of your job search and  crucial to winning a job. Not all job application letters will go directly to an employer. They may need to go through a  third party  such as an employment agency, recruitment firm or job network agency. This section identifies  8 different types of employment   or job application letters  Ã‚  you may need in your job search such as  prospecting letters  for cold calling,  letters to generate leads  through networking, and  letters of interest  to an employment agency:  Each  job search method  will require you to write a letter with  different content. You need to be able to create a message with irresistible appeal to your target market. An effective  job application letter  will position you ahead of the competition and the way you  apply for a job  will depend upon the  job search method you use. A letter in response to an advertised position  is the most common and therefore it is treated as a separate topic and is treated comprehensively in . Application Letter  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Advertised Job  and  Job Application Letter – Using Marketing Techniques. Both these sections are invaluable in content and a â€Å"must read† Your goal is the same, whether it is for  prospecting letters  or  job applications . This is to:- †¢ Grab  your reader's attention to entice them to read your resume and to get an interview or an employment lead. Your resume and your letter combine to make a powerful job application. It goes without saying that a good job application letter is pointless if your resume is not up to the same standard. See  Resume Writing. Depending on the recruitment method used,  the format of an employment letter will be the same. It is the  approach  that is different. However, make no mistake,  they are all  sales letters  or more commonly, in my view, inadequately called cover letters,  (see  Write A Winning Job Application Letter. To compile an appropriate letter for the job search method you are using you need to keep three questions in mind. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who are you targeting? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is the purpose of the letter? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What do you want from the person you are writing to? If you are serious abou t creating self marketing job application letters, you will find valuable insights and techniques to write letter content for maximum impact in  job applications   – Using Sales / Marketing Techniques  and also  job application letters   for advertised job. Each section is extremely comprehensive for all job seekers, in fact it is invaluable. Content is unique to Pro-Active Human Resource Management. Please look at them and bookmark it for later use: Overview of different types of employment letters As stated, there are many types of  job applications letters used in job search. Here are 9 of the most commonly used letters:- 1. Job application letter directly to an employer in response to an advertised position. see  Write winning job applications  . The most important aspect of this type of this job application letter that  sets it apart  from other types of employment letters, is that it  must address the employer's stated criteria as set down in the job advertisement. If you don't do this then you are wasting your time and the employer's time. This same type of letter, with a slight variation in the wording, also accompanies your resume when you send it to third parties who have advertised a position and will do the recruitment   on behalf of an employer   (below. )   So you need to read the advertisement carefully to ensure you know who is actually doing the recruitment. 2. job application letters to employment agencies / recruitment firms An application letter to a  third party who has advertised a position on behalf of an employer and will act on their behalf in the recruitment process. Here you must talk to the agency/firm and refer to the employer as the agency's â€Å"client†. It is the agency you must influence to get a job interview with them in order to be referred to their client – the employer. This job application letter is a bit more difficult and the standard must be very high. The letter must address all the criteria advertised, however the advertisement will probably only tell you the name of the industry where the job is, not the employer. It is still a job application sales letter and you must use all the techniques shown in  Applications Letter – Using Marketing Techniques. nd  Write A Winning   Application Letter. Often the company will not be identified at this stage, research is not possible. If you do get referred to the employer you will know the company's name so you must prepare for the interview and do your research. Find out all you can about them and see sections on how to perform at the interview and what you may expect from an interview –  Interview Tips  and  Interview Process and Questions. 3. Letter of interest to an employment agency / recruitment firm Here you want to register for any positions that may come up in the future. This is discussed further on as a  cold call letter. 4. Resume letter Used primarily for people returning to the workforce or where a resume is not effective or appropriate. For example, where there are lots of gaps in their employment. It sets out your job history briefly without dates and then responds to employer's needs – this is crucial. You need to use all letter writing sections to write your resume letter. Note: It is a combination of a resume and an application letter. It takes the place of a resume. 5. Career change letter This is the hardest type of job application letter. It is often used by the more mature jobseeker who has gained a new qualification. A resume letter may be appropriate in some cases. If the jobseeker has had more recent employment experience in another job they must be able to recognise their transferable skills. Your resume is very important. A good resume writer will spend a lot of time with you identifying how to tie your transferable skills into your new occupation. If you don't have a good resume it will be more difficult to write an effective job application letter. An example can be found in  Sample Job Application 6. Job Application Form You are more likely to use an application form when you apply to an job advertisement over the phone and are asked to fill in an application form at the time of interview. Another   example would be for when you apply for casual work or blue collar work. Used in employment agencies that deal with casual labour   (labour hire companies. ) Preparing an application form correctly and neatly, and on the spot, so to speak, requires :- †¢ A  knowledge of what the employer wants, †¢ good handwriting All the information you will need to fill out the form at your fingertips. If you industry uses application forms as the primary means of applying for the job you will need to develop some skills and knowledge to make the process easier. Application forms put you at a disadvantage:- †¢ They make you put in   employment history in chronological order that may be irrelevant to the job you are applyi ng for. †¢ You may not have the opportunity to show you main employment skills/history, especially if you have been doing casual work or working while studying. They do not provide an opportunity to target the job to your skills and experience. So take your resume and give it to them anyway. Note:  If you register with an employment agency you may be asked for your tax file number, especially if it is for temporary employment. The next group of letters are  prospecting or unsolicited letters  for  cold calling,  (or cold canvassing ) found through research or from leads found through  networking. The are still referred to as job application letters , but the content is very specific. Cold calling means contacting   prospective employers who have not advertised a job. The jobs may be available but they are in â€Å"the hidden job market  Ã¢â‚¬  as I am sure you are aware. That is, they have not been advertised for any number of reasons. Looking back on the  three questions to keep in mind; 1. Your target group is  the prospective employers  you identified in yourresearch  who employ people with your skills and qualifications. (Discussed at great length in  Cold Calling. ) 2. The purpose of the letter is to  obtain an interview for any future vacancies. 3. You need to make your purpose clear to the employer or contact.. Networking  is an even more effective job search method. However, job seekers tend to shy away from it. Nevertheless, it has been proven that job seekers want to know about cold calling, so if you feel you can learn skills to write a cold call job application letter, we fully recommend you also readNetworking for Success. It really is easy if you follow our proven method. Research shows networking is still extremely effective – in fact in a good job market it is most effective, especially in the IT and the mining industry, which has traditionally been an industry where people network. Some research goes as far as to say that over 85% of jobs are found through the networking). When you first contact people in your network by phone or letter you are not asking for a job. Rather your aim is to generate job leads. Once you get these leads you will then write a cold calling letter. 7. Cold calling job applications a. To an employment  agency or recruitment firm A letter of enqu iry to a recruitment/employment agency to register your interest in being referred to an employer for a job in your area of expertise. b. Direct to a company This type of prospecting letter requires you do a lot of research and you must demonstrate that you know what the company does and how you can fit into the organisation. You need to be very specific about the skills you can bring to the job and how you can contribute to growth of the company. Don't actually say how you can improve processes or outcomes, as this suggests that the company is not performing, but state clearly how such outcomes were achieved in past positions. 8. Networking letters You need two different types of   letters. 1. To a person in your network. Here you want to generate leads. Remember, you are not asking for a job, rather you are asking for advice. 2. You will probably then follow up with a letter of introduction to someone who has been referred to you through your network. This last letter is a cold call letter, but maybe referring to your source if appropriate. If you can do this (you need permission from the person who gave the lead), it is more effective. Writing these letters are quite different to any other job applications . Find out how to network effectively. Your first challenge is to get   your letter opened. Opening statements are very important. They start your letter with impact. Opening statements can be found, in  Write A Winning job applications  . A sample of each of these types of job applications   can be found in  Sample Job Applications Why you shouldn't use a one- fits- all job application letter By far the most common mistake job seekers make is to use  one fits all  job applications that they have copied from the internet or developed themselves as a generic letter and altered slightly. You will notice this company does not offer a generic job application letter (cover letter) service. Each letter you write must be personalised to that particular job and the company, which will require research. Even professionals with high level skills often want a generic application letter written when they order their resume. Most resume companies include these job applications   in their services. We don't, for all reasons stated in this section. There are excellent sample job applications   found on job search websites. However, most of these job application sample letters are directed at the â€Å"professional applicant†Ã‚   – especially for the high achiever or â€Å"would be† high achiever. Your job application letter is an example of your communication skills, so don't set yourself up to fail. Recruiters can spot a letter that has strung together from phrases from sample job application letters   and the sections you write will be entirely different. We see the same with resumes. Therefore, some application samples provided on this site are directed at the middle of the road job vacancies and skill level, and show you the process used, so you can develop your own letter writing skills. See  Sample job applications  . It is highly recommended that you read  Writing  Applications Using Marketing Techniques,  which shows you how to use effective content in your application letter. This section is invaluable and contains examples of   opening and closing statement examples and shows you how to ensure your job applications   use features and benefits. So no need to look for   â€Å"you beaut† sales pitches. The letter is strong on its own. As stated, what is common to all job applications is the need to sell yourself. It is easier to sell yourself if you have a professional background and harder if you are in ordinary white and blue collar occupations. However, no matter what level of job you are applying for you can still write  a job application letter using marketing techniques that catch the reader's attention, as long as you  address the employer's needs, and therefore their expectations. (Go to  Write A Winning Job Application Letter  to find out how to address the employer's needs). A good job application letter or employment letter, is useless if you do not have a resume that clearly backs up your claims in the letter. (exception career change letters. )   See  Resume Writing. If you want more guidance you should consider using letter writing software. Powerful opening statements and marketing phrases can be found  at  Amazing Cover Letters  Ã‚  You just need to address the employers needs, and this excellent software allows you, and encourages you, to do this. An â€Å"all in one package† that looks at occupations with a lot of competition and those with less,  that can be changed and personalised. Just ensure you actually find everything in the package as it has a lot of sections. If your resume is weak the best cover letter in the world will not get you a job. if you are not getting interviews  have your resume reviewed.

Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated

In my setting policies and procedures are developed and communicated on an ongoing basis. Various teachers are responsible for individual policies based on their experience, training and knowledge. Each individual policy is available in the school office for reference via hard paper copy or electronically.If an issue arises that needs discussion which is not addressed by the school’s policies, a meeting will be scheduled were all interested parties will attend. At this meeting each attendee contributes ideas and initially a draft policy will hopefully be agreed. This draft policy will then be presented by the head teacher to the board of governors for their approval. If it is approved and falls within the domain of the national curriculum the new policy will have to be trained out to all the relevant staff and perhaps even parents and children.At my setting policies are monitored on an ongoing basis and are updated where necessary. Sometimes the local education authority may r equire a new policy to be introduced to the school. Again all existing staff may require training to ensure the new policy is communicated and implemented satisfactorily which may involve communication with others such as children, parents or other professional bodies. In my setting policies are communicated in a number ways.It can be written, for example classroom rules may be displayed on a poster and hung in a high profile area of the room. It can be verbal, for example the principal may present at the school assembly a topic of concern and what the school policy is for this concern. Letters and e mail, for example these can be posted to parents informing them of any new or change to current policy. This is often used when a written signed confirmation note is required back from the parents.To conclude the best way to inform all of school policy would be a one to one meeting between the head teacher and the relevant people. Unfortunately this would be highly impractical due to th e additional workload required and the time factor involved. Where the head teacher feels it would be of benefit to do a mass presentation to parents this is highly appropriate on a couple of occasions throughout the school year to gain parents attention but is important not to overdo it.

Global Warming Paper Jamie Perez

Global Warming Paper Jamie Perez Global Warming Paper Jamie Perez GMO’s: A Solution to Global Warming? Jamie Perez University of Antelope Valley Biology 101 Professor Cheryl Robinson Global warming is a very controversial topic in today’s society all around the world. According to an article in National Geographic, global warming is the overall climate change the world is experiencing, which is characterized by the increase in temperatures all over the world, the melting of ice caps and glaciers, the increase of rainfall and hurricanes, and the migration and/or extinction of certain species of animals (2007). The main cause of global warming, according to some scientists, is the amount of Carbon, CO2, which humans are introducing into our atmosphere, which causes the â€Å"obstacle for the Suns radiation in the troposphere, the lower atmosphere (Acticlebase.com, John Nilson, 2006).† Many scientists, doctors, and specialty groups are studying the possible causes and effects of global warming. There seems to be a line drawn down the middle that separates the two causes, on one side there is the opinion that humans are the cause of global warming, but on the other side there is the opinion that is something natural that the universe experiences without explanation, states Anja Plecas on ArticleBase.com (2011). Because of this line, there is obviously a difference in opinion as to whether or not there is a â€Å"cure† for global warming. Some scientists are exploring different methods and technologies to try and correct the problems that global warming is creating. Others are not as worried and claim that the changes are minor and have happened in the past, making them nothing to worry about. Prior to writing this paper, I believed whole heartedly that humans were to blame for global warming and that it was our responsibility to fix the problem. But after doing all the research that I did, I have changed my stance slightly. Andrew Marshall claims in his book, Gl obal Warming: A Conventional Lie, that global warming is a problem with the amount of heat being generated by the sun, not only effecting Earth, but also all other planets in the solar system (2007). Based on the research I’ve done I believe that while humans are partially to blame for global warming, nature is also at work. But I also agree with the Kyoto Protocol that we need to help reduce the amount of Carbon we are releasing into the atmosphere, the rising climate is an obvious casualty of our fossil fuel use, so it is our responsibility to try and counter-act the damage that we are doing to our environment. There are many different alternatives to help but I am only going to address two alternative agriculture methods that could help reduce Carbon, like genetically modified organisms, GMO’s, and radio wave treated water. Like I stated before there are two stances on global warming, either humans are to blame or nature is. Many people believe that humans are to blame since the Industrial Revolution began in the seventeen hundreds, which introduced the burning of multiple fossil fuels. These issues affect every single person on the planet, so this is a matter that should be taken seriously. Oceans and forests used to be able to absorb at least half of the CO2 that was emitted by humans, but since 2001, the output has doubled and now there isn’t enough plant life to counteract the amount we are putting out. The Kyoto Protocol, put in place world-wide in 1997, stated that countries with the top four highest CO2 output, would reduce their emissions back to their 1995 level by 2005, was a major step forward in recognizing mankind’s responsibility for damage done to the ozone. The other stance claims that nature is to blame, and this is evident especially when studying the climate history of the world and also other planets. In these studies, it is shown that major climate changes have been occurring for close to one thousa nd years, many years prior to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. These records

Essay about Account on Mandelbaum

Essay about Account on Mandelbaum Essay about Account on Mandelbaum Zacharia Fouda Professor Harris RWS 100 9/25/12 Account to Mandelbaum Every country in the world experiences a way of expressing their physical activities in sports. Most commonly in the world, football (soccer) is generally the religion of many. This is not the case in America. The Americans are more focused on the sports they have invented, such as American football, basketball, and baseball. In the first chapter of his book, â€Å"A Variety of Religious Experiences† in â€Å"The Meaning of Sports,† Mandelbaum explains to you what these sports are like in America and how these sports affect the people as a general populace. Mandelbaum uses rhetorical tools such as ethos, pathos, and logos to enhance how well he delivers his points. In this essay, I will talk about how his rhetorical tools affect his arguments. Mandelbaum’s argument is more focused on presenting the information in a way to educate you. Most of what he says in the passage is generally researched information that you have to take his word for. I could have gone and searched them myself on Google, but Mandelbaum comes off as a guy that knows what he’s talking about, and it’s not like he made research to write these facts, it’s as if he just knows it off of the top of his head. â€Å"The industrial revolution brought to the United States and to the world modern methods of transportation, and on these, too, the emergence of team sports depended,† (Mandelbaum, 40) you can’t help but think that he lived through this and he realized what was going on. Americans adore sports and it’s something they take to the grave. It is a very logical point that it is a form of escapism, and returning to the blissful, childhood past that is when you played sports as a child as an implied insight on the subject. The rest is to be taken based off of Mandelbaum’s heavy reliance on his ethos here. According to Mandelbaum, nowadays, sports help with one of the most primitive needs as a human, the spiritual needs and the needs of the psyche. (42) The information is set up as a â€Å"take it or leave it† sort of situation for the reader, it is up to the reader to decide if his ethos is sufficient to believe his claims. Mandelbaum connects baseball, football, and basketball as a way to one’s past as a form of pathos. In my opinion, this is a phenominal explanation but the pathos isn’t exactly obvious since one must delve into what he actually meant. When humans are children, a huge part of their life is to play a sport. They will most likely join a team and carry it with them for the rest of their lives and that will always be the sport that they played. When that child, as an adult starts to play that game again, they will reminisce about the times they p layed the sport as a child. They will remember that baseball championship final and when he stood there with his bat, his heart beating and the way he got 3 strikes out and blew the game. Generally, it could have gone as a success or a disaster and either way he’s going to remember it because he is playing baseball. Mandelbaum states that â€Å"the word sport is related to â€Å"disport†- to divert oneself. Baseball, football, and basketball divert spectators from the burdens of normal existence,† (41) this supports his argument tremendously since it solidifies the effect of his pathos argument. He describes it as a religious experience, as if people take a mental pilgrimage into their soul. Since most of this piece of writing is focusing on logos to argue more, I think this is as pathos as it’s going to get. This is the one argument that can appeal to one’s emotion. It isn’t a bad one since anyone that plays sports can relate to it. As for the more sophisticated people, he relates this to the Odyssey with the team being the protagonist, facing many challenges to achieve a goal, and getting through those challenges (41) cause you to reminisce on how you did it. Most of the rest of his arguments are more realistic. He states that the feats you see in a

Learning the Mandarin Chinese Tone System

Learning the Mandarin Chinese Tone System The Mandarin language has a fundamental difference from Western languages: it is tonal. Tones are one of the biggest challenges for Mandarin learners, but their mastery is essential. Incorrect tones can make your spoken Mandarin difficult or impossible to understand, but using the correct tones will allow you to express yourself clearly. Mandarin tones are especially difficult for speakers of Western languages. English, for example, uses tones for inflection, but this is a very different usage from Mandarin. Rising tones in English often imply a question or sarcasm. Falling tones may be used for emphasis. Changing the tones of a Mandarin sentence, though, could completely change the meaning. Let’s take an example. Suppose you are reading a book and your brother (or sister or child) keeps on interrupting you. You are likely to become exasperated and say â€Å"I’m trying to read a book!† In English, this would be said with an emphatic falling tone at the end. But if you use a falling tone in Mandarin, the meaning completely changes. WÇ’ yo kn shÃ… « I want to read a book.WÇ’ yo kÇŽn shà ¹ I want to cut trees! The second version of this sentence would have your listeners scratching their heads. So practice your tones! They are essential for speaking and understanding Mandarin.

Internet Impacts the Mental Health of its Users Negatively Essay

Internet Impacts the Mental Health of its Users Negatively - Essay Example Critics admit that the Internet communication has a negative impact on mental health of its users because of impersonal nature of messages and increased time spent by users in front of their PCs (Barnes, 32). Thesis Americans are overly dependent to the Internet because they cannot imagine their life without online communication; without these devices many people become helpless and vulnerable in modern world. The Internet communication has a negative impact on mental health of users because of online phobias experienced by many users. People constantly need to communicate in order to support goal-directed behavior, problem solving, and decision making. Once again, these personal aims and individual needs are reflected in the questions that the Internet users ask as they complete tasks. On the other hand, the goals and communication needs of a person are central to any device that explains question generation. The introduction of computer-based shopping via the Internet provides manufacturers with a cheap and effective way of reaching their customers directly. As the technical problems are overcome, and the issues about the security of transactions and money transfer are resolved, it seems likely that direct selling from the manufacturer will grow exponentially. In spite of great benefits andopporuntities proposed by online communication, it ad... eplace existing channels of communication (such as providing a website that looks) but from exploiting the virtual possibilities that the Internet brings to add value to communication. The Internet connects people from different geographical areas and allows them to communicate faster than any time before. While the population that can be addressed by conventional physical sales and marketing is constrained by geography, that of the Internet is constrained by the number of people who both have access to it and make active use of it (these not necessarily being the same thing). Estimates of the number of people who use the Internet vary widely, although a consensus seems to be emerging that currently tens of millions of people do indeed use the Internet. What there is no disagreement about is the type of people who use the Internet. At the moment (and this will change as the user-base of the Internet expands), they are predominantly young, under the age of about 40, male and relativel y wealthy (Barnes, 65). "Depression was found to be an independent psychiatric symptom factor that influenced Internet addicts compared with intermittent addicts when the demographic and Internet-related factors were adjusted for" (Hall and Parsons 165). Modern society overly depends to the Internet paying more attention to advantages and opportunities of these technologies rather than its harmful and negative impact on their lives. The Internet works with primary causes of change as the basis for creating new tactical options dependable to anticipated environments. The Internet concept withstands new social changes. It provides efficient performance under all likely environments to enable flexible modification to coming changes. Thus, dependency on technology results in powerlessness and

Public money and bailout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public money and bailout - Essay Example The government's argument is based on the fact that if the private companies were not assisted properly, most of the companies will be forced to cancel the service contracts of thousands of workers which will again increase the unemployment problem. In a country like United States, most of the employment contracts are based on the at-will employment types. Such employment contracts grant permission for the employers to dismiss their workers even without citing a proper reason. So unemployment problem will go beyond the grasp of the governments if the private companies were not assisted properly at this juncture of financial crisis. It is under this perception that the governments justifying their action to bailout private companies. "In their valiant efforts to avoid pain now, our governments are not asking themselves how much employment could be generated if the billions they are earmarking could be invested more wisely. The truth, however, is that carmakers were already receiving lavish support from the public purse long before the foundations of the world's economy started to wobble. Between 2003 and 2007, the European Investment Bank gave '6.5bn in loans to carmakers, including companies like Jaguar and Land Rover that prize customers with more money than brains. (Cronin, 2009) "Currently, private businesses and companies around the world, especially in Western economies, have already started laying off thousands of their employees, attempting of course to save themselves from a credit crunch and a looming global recession. The US unemployment figures rose to 7.2 per cent from 4.9 per cent in Dec 2008" (Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2009).Reports from western countries showed that many people have lost their jobs and many are afraid of losing it in near future. The current crisis seems to be deepened from day by day. All the remedial measures taken by the governments were proved to be insufficient to tackle the issue. Nobody expect a magical recovery in the near future. This time recession came unexpectedly to most of the people. The economic pundits were failed to forecast the crisis early enough to warn the people or the governments. The new American administration led by Barak Obama is facing the huge challenge of how to tackle the current crisis and at the same time how to preserve the jobs of the working class. Most of the common people are working in Public money and bailout 3 private companies and hence the governments cannot stay away from their moral responsibility of assisting the common people in preserving their jobs. "According to a recent report by the IMF, growth in emerging and developing economies is expected to slow sharply, from 6.25 percent in 2008 to 3.25 percent in 2009." (Cardozo, 2009) One of the prominent growing economies in the world, India has reported that they are expecting a growth rate of 7.1% though they anticipated more than 9% before the crisis begun. Most of the other emerging and developing economies found it extremely difficult to sustain their growth rate even though the crude oil prices has come down a lot. In order to analyze the depth of the crisis, the current crude oil price

Resume and Cover Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Resume and Cover Letter - Assignment Example I have worked as a management assistant at Booz Allen Hamilton and the professional experiences gained, in conjunction with the theoretical framework continuously being developed at George Mason University (GMU) would be appropriately honed through your internship program. My previous work experiences assisted in developing teamwork and working in a collaborative and cohesive atmosphere. My responsibilities as management assistant in Booz Allen Hamilton required working effectively with diverse teams to specifically ensure that team members are duly motivated towards the accomplishment of identified organizational goals. My proposal for innovative performance evaluation programs that recognize and acknowledge exemplary performers using merit based standards assisted in achieving higher productivity, higher morale and job satisfaction. I likewise envision assisting in motivating teams within the Net Social environment. I have acknowledged the importance of completing my degree in Accounting at GMU to augment the professional skills gained at Booz Allen Hamilton, and to make me more competitive and competent in a global environment. Currently, support from the faculty and administrative staff at GMU assist in the development of more leadership skills, as well as in gaining more expertise in interpersonal communication, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. The multidisciplinary approach to learning enabled me to effectively share the knowledge, abilities, and skills gained during the course and assist in addressing unique and distinct team requirements at Net Social. Enclosed is a copy of my resume for your review. I would be genuinely interested to be part of the internship program. I likewise look forward to a mutually beneficial relationship. I could be reached at Telephone Number or Email Address. Thank you for your time and

History of berlin and reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of berlin and reflection - Assignment Example to be followed subsequently by its role between the years 1871-1918 A.D., in the German Empire. Between 1919 and 1933, it served as the Weimar Republic’s capital, later on serving the Third Reich between the years 1933-1945. While the entity had held the position of 3rd largest municipality globally, WWII brought about major changes, which were to impact fundamentally, on its overall standing and role-play; not only in terms of German history, but also global geo-politics. Hence, the critical place it holds in history, and the need for its reflection on contemporary society (Gill 13). The Kreuzberg neighborhood, part of the larger Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, remains one of the prime locations, within the greater Berlin municipality. Colloquially referred to as X-Berg, the area consists primarily of two distinct areas i.e. the SO 36 and SW 61. SO 36 mainly is home to various immigrant populations, thus the divergent cultural and religious identities present. History dealt a heavy blow to this area, especially during the ‘Cold War’ Era thereby isolating the section of the former West Berlin territory. However, later it emerged as one of the city’s core cultural centers. This is critically influenced by the fact that it is in the middle of the contemporary re-unified city. This also influences the trendy nature of the neighborhood, primarily influenced by Turkish culture. This is as a result of the populace present in the borough, with a large percentage of its populace, being second-generation individuals of Turkish ancestry. Importantly so, the neighborhood continues being an attractive area to visit, thriving on its diverse culture; with the counter-culture tradition symbolically present until this very day. Moreover, while having a shorter history than most of Berlin, the neighborhood is uniquely the most populous;

Person-job Fit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Person-job Fit - Essay Example I am fit for this job because the Big Five test portrayed that I am careful and an orderly person, hardworking, reliable, can integrate well with the organization (Furnham&Chamoro-Premuzic, 2011, p. 58)and is concerned about the welfare of other people (Chamoro-Premuzic et al. 2011: p. 45). I like challenges and being creative because I persistently look for different ways of approaching the different task and coming up with solutions to for different problems (Angelo, 2010, p. 117).The internship position also requires an individual who can write concisely and accurately, Ifitwell to the position because I can communicate well and cooperate in teamwork. Thisattributemakesme a good team player. This will be effective in assisting the company to expand its business operations and allow effective flow of information (Patton & McMahon, 2006, p. 53-56) among the different management levels to ensure timely information disbursement and feedback (Jones et al, 1991, p. 76).Managementtakesli ttleconsideration in creating a network but takes much attention in planning, guiding, controlling and directing people on how to carry out a given job. Thisincorporatesmyability to create networks with other employees in the business.The Big Five Test reflects well. This test offers a prediction on how will work intellectually, cooperatively, cheerfully and diligently. The personality attributes portrayed by the Big Five test truly affect the manner in which I will approach work at XYZ healthcare company.

The Influences of Jesus in Contemporary Education System Essay

The Influences of Jesus in Contemporary Education System - Essay Example The schooling and education system moulds a child in his/her earliest stage to live in the present stage as a good human being .For this the education system has to adopt various principles which may help to guide the students in order to live with dignity in this world. The importance of principles of Jesus Christ and its adoption in the education system lies here. In this context let’s explore the influence of the Jesus in the contemporary education system. admit that the education of the children cannot be in the way that they are undergoing a mere teaching but they should be diligently instructed. Further they say that â€Å"our Lord has provided the perfect environment for our children to be trained. That environment is the community where the order of God prevails under the good government of God. In this environment our children are being trained according to Gods purpose on earth with concentric vision of how to accomplish this purpose. They, as vital parts of the community, are being prepared to attain to the highest goal possible in this life — to enter the kingdom of heaven.† centuries, in Europe in their tradition of theatre, have adopted such method. Theatre in Jesuit schools created an aesthetic environment in which students could both ponder their relationship to the world, and evaluate the consequences of human action The Society of Jesus, commonly known as the Jesuit order, was founded by Saint Ignatius Loyola in 1534, with the dual purpose of promoting reform within the Roman Catholic Church, and preaching the Gospel in foreign lands. The establishment of colleges played a key role in the renewal of the Catholic Church in the wake of the Jesuit education, in general, is intended to help students attain "perfect eloquence," i.e., the cultivation of ones intellectual, ethical, and spiritual potential(3) Within this context, theatre had two main functions. It

Person-job Fit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Person-job Fit - Essay Example I am fit for this job because the Big Five test portrayed that I am careful and an orderly person, hardworking, reliable, can integrate well with the organization (Furnham&Chamoro-Premuzic, 2011, p. 58)and is concerned about the welfare of other people (Chamoro-Premuzic et al. 2011: p. 45). I like challenges and being creative because I persistently look for different ways of approaching the different task and coming up with solutions to for different problems (Angelo, 2010, p. 117).The internship position also requires an individual who can write concisely and accurately, Ifitwell to the position because I can communicate well and cooperate in teamwork. Thisattributemakesme a good team player. This will be effective in assisting the company to expand its business operations and allow effective flow of information (Patton & McMahon, 2006, p. 53-56) among the different management levels to ensure timely information disbursement and feedback (Jones et al, 1991, p. 76).Managementtakesli ttleconsideration in creating a network but takes much attention in planning, guiding, controlling and directing people on how to carry out a given job. Thisincorporatesmyability to create networks with other employees in the business.The Big Five Test reflects well. This test offers a prediction on how will work intellectually, cooperatively, cheerfully and diligently. The personality attributes portrayed by the Big Five test truly affect the manner in which I will approach work at XYZ healthcare company.

Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Customer Service - Essay Example Therefore, they will look for the reasonable range for the services they require in contrast to those who seek the aspect of quality and variety of services. The biggest challenges of management that are contemporary in the service industry are providing and excelling in customer satisfaction. The differentiation, competitiveness, and retention of customers are factors that are important in the success of the service industry. To get the satisfaction level of customers, for example in a hotel, there is need to introduce comment cards for guests, which are then analyzed. The other way is to make personal contact with guests and also through feedback on the internet. (Luck and Lancaster, 2003: p 213). The staffs of this service industry need to be able to motivate the customers and this can be done through a motivation scheme for the employees who are exemplary with the customers. Handling of complains is also another major problem and the management needs to formulate a way to compensate the customer either by apologizing and performing random acts of kindness such as issuing doughnuts. According to Bender (2012), success is not brought about by combustion spontaneously but rather one must first set themselves on fire. Bender, A 2012, Americans Biggest Complaints About Hotels. Forbes. [Online] 27 July. Available at:[accessed 21 March 2013]. Westwind Consulting Services Inc,, 2012. Managing Customer Requirements: Requirements vs. Expectations. Website. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 21 March

Effective Training Essay Example for Free

Effective Training Essay The management sector of each organization is important in their respective operation. In each group, a leader must exist to lead, guide and delegate important tasks and responsibilities with each member to achieve the efficiency in the use of their resources and the success of the operation. Similarly, in the business organization, the leaders of the institution are important in their operation as they manifest to guide the business towards the achievement of their economic goals and common interest. In terms of the operation, they are the ones that delegate the intricate tasks and responsibilities to each of the member for their benefits and success. Most importantly, the leaders are the ones that must evaluate and decide regarding important matters and issues in the business organization to ensure the positive result and continuous economic operation. Because the leaders of each business organization are important for the group, the institution must highly recognize the effective selection of the individuals placed in their top executive position. To acquire the most effective line up for the top executive position, the organization must implement certain approaches to achieve this result and ensure the quality of their management leader sector. One of the possible solution in ensuring this status is the development of succession plan for the ranks in top executive positions. Naturally, individuals presently occupying top executive positions are not permanent and so are their role effectiveness. As such, the organization must expect this scenario and develop a positive projection to ensure the present executive effectiveness through planning for the succession and replacement for each executive. As such, the organization can presently plan for their development and maintain the positive results they are benefiting for their present lineup. Some of the possible strategies in this aspect are succession projection, training for qualified individuals, apprenticeship programs and others to ensure that the positive qualities and characters of the present executives lineup will be maintained for the business continuous success and development.

The Failure Of Baggage Handling Systems Information Technology Essay

The Failure Of Baggage Handling Systems Information Technology Essay From the article it is obvious that the city officials and BAE executives were at loggerheads and blame each other for the failure of the handling systems. BAE president and chief executive, Gene Di Fonso, supports his argument against the Denver city officials by pointing out that frequent alteration of the airport plans, involvement of inexperienced managers (appointed by Denver city officials) and failure to fix electrical flaws had left minimal time for testing out the system; were the major reasons behind baggage handling system failure. On the other hand, city officials blame the BAE for not fixing the software and mechanical problems by the time when the system was to be operational. But as it turns out, neither side is completely denying accusation made by other. So from the article, it is obvious that since neither parties have fulfilled their responsibilities, all the above mentioned factors equally contribute towards failure of the baggage handling systems at Denver Airpor t. To put it into simple words, the DIA project failed because those making key decision underestimated the complexity involved. Failure to recognize the complexity and the risk involved contributed to the project being initiated too late. Æ’Â   What could have been done by all stakeholders to prevent the failure caused by new technology introduction? It is always possible that unprofessional behavior by the city officials or defective equipment and software malfunction is partly to blame for the failure of the baggage handling system. But searching for a scapegoat is far simpler than trying to understand the difficulties faced when trying to develop large-scale projects. The project management team needed to do a better job of planning prior to the start of the project. The major roadblock was the simple fact that the automated baggage system was designed after the airport construction had already begun while it should have been included in the original design of the airport. Lack of communication between DIA airport designers, city officials, the airlines and BAE further caused damage to the project. Before beginning construction all the stakeholders needed to meet so as to put together a formalized plan. While this did not happen, the communication seemed more like a top down approach. Æ’Â   Give one public works (government) project that has similar or different fates since 1995, and draw comparisons. The much recent failure of the DART mission by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center is an example of a technology project which can be described as a not one with an expected outcome. The DART projects biggest problem was that it only had one shot to test the technology. Complex hardware and software can fail from just one mistake, flaw, or overlooked factor in millions of actions or components. Mishap Investigation Board investigated the mishap and determined its underlying causes based on hardware testing, telemetry data analysis, and numerous simulations. So to compare with DIA project, we can find similarities in most aspects of its failure, like hardware and software malfunction, and testing problems. Æ’Â   What are the general lessons for this case? As with any project, the initial step should be to recognize the situation and then work towards it. Had the project management team and the BAEs executives recognized their lack of knowledge and the complexities they were facing, they could possibly reduced the risk, if not avoid it. It would have been a helpful knowledge to listen to those who did have the necessary prior experience. Stakeholder conflict, as in this case, with poorly defined roles and responsibilities and almost non-existent communication can lead to disastrous project results. From the article it is obvious that the city officials and BAE executives were at loggerheads and blame each other for the failure of the handling systems. BAE president and chief executive, Gene Di Fonso, supports his argument against the Denver city officials by pointing out that frequent alteration of the airport plans, involvement of inexperienced managers (appointed by Denver city officials) and failure to fix electrical flaws had left minimal time for testing out the system; were the major reasons behind baggage handling system failure. On the other hand, city officials blame the BAE for not fixing the software and mechanical problems by the time when the system was to be operational. But as it turns out, neither side is completely denying accusation made by other. So from the article, it is obvious that since neither parties have fulfilled their responsibilities, all the above mentioned factors equally contribute towards failure of the baggage handling systems at Denver Airpor t. To put it into simple words, the DIA project failed because those making key decision underestimated the complexity involved. Failure to recognize the complexity and the risk involved contributed to the project being initiated too late. So to sum it all up, the factors that eventually resulted in the failure of DIA project included poor management, conflicting roles and responsibilities, poor communication, no change control process, inadequate testing processes, stakeholder conflict, probably conflicting priorities, and finally scope creep by which I mean expansion of initial project design. It is always possible that unprofessional behavior by the city officials or defective equipment and software malfunction is partly to blame for the failure of the baggage handling system. But searching for a scapegoat is far simpler than trying to understand the difficulties faced when trying to develop large-scale projects. The project management team needed to do a better job of planning prior to the start of the project. The major roadblock was the simple fact that the automated baggage system was designed after the airport construction had already begun while it should have been included in the original design of the airport. Lack of communication between DIA airport designers, city officials, the airlines and BAE further caused damage to the project. Before beginning construction all the stakeholders needed to meet so as to put together a formalized plan. While this did not happen, the communication seemed more like a top down approach. The much recent failure of the DART mission by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center is an example of a technology project which can be described as a not one with an expected outcome. The DART projects biggest problem was that it only had one shot to test the technology. Complex hardware and software can fail from just one mistake, flaw, or overlooked factor in millions of actions or components. Mishap Investigation Board investigated the mishap and determined its underlying causes based on hardware testing, telemetry data analysis, and numerous simulations. So to compare with DIA project, we can find similarities in most aspects of its failure, like hardware and software malfunction, and testing problems. As with any project, the initial step should be to recognize the situation and then work towards it. Had the project management team and the BAEs executives recognized their lack of knowledge and the complexities they were facing, they could possibly reduced the risk, if not avoid it. It would have been a helpful knowledge to listen to those who did have the necessary prior experience. Stakeholder conflict, as in this case, with poorly defined roles and responsibilities and almost non-existent communication can lead to disastrous project results. The most essential factor that helps a project succeed is if the scope of the project is well defined from the beginning. The scope of the project, if at all possible, should not be allowed to expand. Scope creep ultimately destroys budgets and leads to over time, thus undermining the support a project has. Automation off course in Denver Melvin Ver Dysfunctional decision making is the poison that kills technology projects and the Denver Airport Baggage System project is a classic example. The DIA case examines the key decisions that set the project on the path to disaster and the forces behind those decisions. What was supposed to be the worlds largest automated airport baggage handling system; became a classic story in how technology projects can go wrong. The airports baggage handling system was a critical component in the plan and by automating baggage handling; DIA was going to ensure faster aircraft turnaround which would have provided a competitive advantage over other airports. Despite the plan being technologically advanced and a possible winner, it rapidly dissolved into chaos due to underestimation of the projects complexity which resulted in extensive problems and eventually an embarrassment for everyone involved. The missteps that were involved along the way included a demonstration of the system to the media which illustrated how the system crushed bags, disgorged content and son on. While it is challenging to manage and carry out a technology project on such a massive scale, all it requires is precision in planning, scheduling and controlling; by managing critical interfaces with all the stakeholders involved. Æ’Â   What factors caused the failure of the baggage handling systems? From the article it is obvious that the city officials and BAE executives were at loggerheads and blamed each other for the failure of the handling systems. BAE chief executive blames the Denver city of frequent alteration of the airport plans, involvement of inexperienced managers and failure to fix electrical flaws resulting in minimal time for testing out the system; for the major reasons behind baggage handling system failure. On the other hand, city officials blame the BAE for not fixing the software and mechanical problems by the time when the system was to be operational. Since neither side is completely denying accusation made by other and have failed to fulfill their responsibilities, all the above mentioned factors equally contribute towards failure of the baggage handling systems at Denver Airport. To put it into simple words, the DIA project failed as it failed to recognize the complexity and the risk involved. Æ’Â   What could have been done by all stakeholders to prevent the failure caused by new technology introduction? Searching for a scapegoat is far simpler than trying to understand the difficulties faced when trying to develop large-scale projects. The project management team needed to do a better job of planning prior to the start of the project. The major roadblock was the simple fact that the automated baggage system was designed after the airport construction had already begun while it should have been included in the original design of the airport. Before beginning construction all the stakeholders needed to meet so as to put together a formalized plan. Lack of communication between DIA airport designers, city officials, the airlines and BAE further caused damage to the project. While this did not happen, the communication seemed more like a top down approach in this case. Æ’Â   Give one public works (government) project that has similar or different fates since 1995, and draw comparisons. The much recent failure of the DART mission by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center is an example of a technology project that did not end up as expected. The DART projects biggest problem was that it only had one shot to test the technology. Complex hardware and software can fail from just one mistake or flaw. Mishap Investigation Board investigated the mishap and determined its underlying causes based on hardware testing, telemetry data analysis, and numerous simulations. So to compare with DIA project, we can find similarities in most aspects of its failure, like hardware and software malfunction, and along with testing problems. Æ’Â   What are the general lessons for this case? As with any project, the initial step should be to recognize the situation and then work towards it. Had the project management team and the BAEs executives recognized their lack of knowledge and the complexities they were facing, they could possibly reduced the risk, if not avoid it. It would have been a helpful knowledge to listen to those who did have the necessary prior experience. Stakeholder conflict, as in this case, with poorly defined roles and responsibilities and almost non-existent communication can lead to disastrous project results.

Murray Siskind: Wise Man Or Raving Mad? Essay -- essays research paper

Is Murray Siskind a raving lunatic or a wise, but somewhat eccentric man? Does he ever have a point, or is he just mindlessly rambling? He’s neither of those things. The first impression he gives is of someone who’s in between, but that proves not to be the case. He’s actually a very cunning man, one who has become the â€Å"devil† voice of Jack Gladney’s conscience. Eventually he’d like to become Jack. He covets not only his position and standing in the university, but also his wife, Babette, and he makes no secret of it. Why else would he do something to lewd as to sniff her hair and grope her the way he does? He tells Jack that the only way to seduce a woman is with clear and open desire. Well, it don’t get no clearer than that. All those things become apparent later on. First, we find out who Murray Jay Siskind is. He’s an ex-sportswriter from New York. He’s Jewish. He was briefly married once during his sportswriter days. We know he is now a visiting lecturer on â€Å"living icons† at College-on-the-Hill. Physically, he is â€Å"a stoop shouldered man with little round glasses and an Amish beard† (DeLillo 10). He’s hairy, but does not have a moustache, only a beard. He dresses almost entirely in corduroy. He likes his men simple and his women complicated. He â€Å"is trying to develop a vulnerability that women will find attractive† (DeLillo 21), but so far has only managed to create sneaky and lecherous expression. For him, sex seems very matter-of-fact, like a business transaction. Just flat out lust. He even reads a magazine called American Transvestite. Murray is, by his own admission, â€Å"a solitary crank who marrons himself with a TV set and dozens of stacks of dust-jacketed comic books† (DeLillo 52). He shares a house across the street from an insane asylum with boarders who seem like they ought to be confined there too. Not that he minds, though. He’s â€Å"totally captivated and intrigued †¦ totally enamored of †¦ the small town setting† (DeLillo 10). At first, Murray seems like a deep person with interesting quirks (he takes pleasure in sniffing food labels in the supermarket). He’s deeper than the other pop culture professors who read nothing but cereal boxes and have food fights while discussing the culture of public toilets and reminiscing where they were when James Dean died. Murray has theories. Lots of theories. In an odd way, some of them make sense. For exa... ...mps out the fragments of Jack’s mind and fills it with his own devious thoughts. Jack is not a killer, and under normal circumstances Jack would never have been a killer. Murray is a killer, if just psychologically. He proves it once and for all when he forces Jack to â€Å"elicit the truths [he] already possess† (DeLillo 293), that a dier can become a killer. He disguises himself - â€Å"I’m only a visiting lecturer. I theorize, I take walks, I admire trees and houses† (DeLillo 293), and prefaces nearly every sentence with â€Å"in theory† or â€Å"theoretically† but he knows what the outcome will be. When Jack shoots Willie Mink, Murray is as guilty as if he pulled the trigger himself. Murray probably hoped Jack would be sent to prison for shooting Willie, freeing up Babette for himself. I stated in the beginning that Murray was cunning. People who are cunning possess a strong ability to mesmerize and manipulate. They can, on some levels, seem very logical. Hitler is often described as a cunning man. Murray is not wise. Murray is bad. He manipulated minds, he played with peoples’ lives. In hindsight none of it worked out in his favor, but that doesn’t change that facts. It was an evil thing to do.

Eastern Gear

1. What are the major problems being faced by Eastern Gear? The major problem’s Eastern Gear is facing is that they are accepting large orders to help pay their overhead, also, their sales group is not part of the business, there is no link between them and manufacturing. Their order entry is inefficient; the tolerance on products is not firm. The layout of their shop is set up to make mistakes and increased lead time has resulted in the need for an expeditor. Lastly, they are hiring too many employees for the company’s needs. 2. What action should Rhodes take to solve his problems? First, Rhodes needs to stop accepting large orders at discounted prices to help cover overhead, doing this will not cover overhead and should only be done if the company is facing bankruptcy. Accepting the large orders causes some of the small orders to wait for processing and in-turn, are late. Also, the sales group is not part of the business, there is no direct link between them and manufacturing. Therefore, no one is paying attention to the order size. This needs to be corrected by putting a direct line of communication between sales and manufacturing. Second, the order entry system needs to be more efficient. A customer is able to request a change in design after the order has already been placed, it may be necessary to stop production on these orders and wait for the new raw materials or for the new design to be clarified. They do not have a process that charges back the variance on these orders; they need to input a system where if the customer wants a design change, they have to pay for it. Also, the customer’s prints submitted with the order do not always contain the tolerances required during machining. This is a discipline issue within the organization that needs to be eliminated; the customer must sign off on the tolerances before the order begins processing. Third, Eastern Gear needs to change the layout of the shop. Lead time has recently increased from 2 to 4 weeks, which made it necessary to hire an expeditor, there is a concerning amount of bottlenecks in the production process and inspection of the products is not done until the order is completed. The shop is set up to make production errors and ship unfinished product. The tools need to be central and equipment should not be set up by type but placed in proper sequence so that the product moves sequentially from the beginning of production to the end, and quality checks and inspection should be incorporated in the production process. Also, Eastern Gear needs to change their order fulfilment approach from made-to-order to made-to-stock. Changing the layout of the shop and order fulfilment approach will help reduce bottlenecks and lead time as well as eliminate the need for an expeditor. Lastly, Eastern Gear has a workforce of 50 people and is managed using a family- type approach. They have hired 10 new employees within the last quarter. The typical order spends 90% of the time waiting for a machine to become available, and only 10% of the time is actually spent processing the order, they should not hire more employees. 3. How can this case be related to operations strategy and process design concepts? This case related to operations strategy and process design concepts because having a good operations strategy and process design are key to running a successful manufacturing company. As witnessed in this case, the operations strategy and the process design need adjustments in order to be successful. Eastern Gear 1. What are the major problems being faced by Eastern Gear? The major problem’s Eastern Gear is facing is that they are accepting large orders to help pay their overhead, also, their sales group is not part of the business, there is no link between them and manufacturing. Their order entry is inefficient; the tolerance on products is not firm. The layout of their shop is set up to make mistakes and increased lead time has resulted in the need for an expeditor. Lastly, they are hiring too many employees for the company’s needs. 2. What action should Rhodes take to solve his problems? First, Rhodes needs to stop accepting large orders at discounted prices to help cover overhead, doing this will not cover overhead and should only be done if the company is facing bankruptcy. Accepting the large orders causes some of the small orders to wait for processing and in-turn, are late. Also, the sales group is not part of the business, there is no direct link between them and manufacturing. Therefore, no one is paying attention to the order size. This needs to be corrected by putting a direct line of communication between sales and manufacturing. Second, the order entry system needs to be more efficient. A customer is able to request a change in design after the order has already been placed, it may be necessary to stop production on these orders and wait for the new raw materials or for the new design to be clarified. They do not have a process that charges back the variance on these orders; they need to input a system where if the customer wants a design change, they have to pay for it. Also, the customer’s prints submitted with the order do not always contain the tolerances required during machining. This is a discipline issue within the organization that needs to be eliminated; the customer must sign off on the tolerances before the order begins processing. Third, Eastern Gear needs to change the layout of the shop. Lead time has recently increased from 2 to 4 weeks, which made it necessary to hire an expeditor, there is a concerning amount of bottlenecks in the production process and inspection of the products is not done until the order is completed. The shop is set up to make production errors and ship unfinished product. The tools need to be central and equipment should not be set up by type but placed in proper sequence so that the product moves sequentially from the beginning of production to the end, and quality checks and inspection should be incorporated in the production process. Also, Eastern Gear needs to change their order fulfilment approach from made-to-order to made-to-stock. Changing the layout of the shop and order fulfilment approach will help reduce bottlenecks and lead time as well as eliminate the need for an expeditor. Lastly, Eastern Gear has a workforce of 50 people and is managed using a family- type approach. They have hired 10 new employees within the last quarter. The typical order spends 90% of the time waiting for a machine to become available, and only 10% of the time is actually spent processing the order, they should not hire more employees. 3. How can this case be related to operations strategy and process design concepts? This case related to operations strategy and process design concepts because having a good operations strategy and process design are key to running a successful manufacturing company. As witnessed in this case, the operations strategy and the process design need adjustments in order to be successful.

Understanding Rhetorical Structures as They Pertain to Audience

Understanding Rhetorical Structures as they pertain to audience, purpose, and context Understanding Rhetorical Structure Colton Kiefer EN1420 This paper is about the understanding of the Rhetorical Structures as they pertain to audience, purpose, and context and how they affect the argument of whether taxes should be raised on higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk and underserved, low income children. I will discuss the relationship between the audience, purpose, and context to the context of the argument. Understanding Rhetorical StructuresHow do audience, purpose, and context affect the argument of whether taxes should be raised on higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk and underserved, low income children. I will discuss the relationship between the audience, purpose, and context to the context of the argument. Discussion The goal of this discussion is to see the relationship between audience, purpose, and context of shoul d Taxes be raised for higher income brackets in order to fund social programs for at-risk, underserved, and low income children.The first audience for this group are wealth fortune 500 CEO’s. They are considered the in the higher income bracket in my opinion. They need to be educated on the understanding that even though most lower income families struggle, it is not because they are not trying. The economy has taken its toll on a lot of jobs here in the US over the past couple of years and even though they are working a full time job and sometimes two full time jobs, they cannot afford any kind of social program for their children.The present economy conditions are hurting the lower income families to the point that they struggle to make ends meet and can sometimes barley afford to put food on the table for their children. The higher income bracket would need to see just how little the additional taxes would take from them and what the benefits of those taxes could do for a low income family struggling to make ends meet. They still could possibly not be receptive to the idea, but giving them examples of the cost and benefits of such programs I think they would start to understand.The second audience for this group is the low income families of at-risk, and underserved, low income children. They need to be educated on the benefits that could come from the higher taxes. In my opinion, the higher income bracket can afford the higher taxes to fund some of these programs. The cost of living, food, gas, and housing all affect the income of many families in the US. If they understood what could come from the taxes, they could get some reissuance as to vote on such a bill if it came up to vote for the public.Education on the subject of the current tax laws would be a good example of what the different taxes brackets that are used today in the US. Lower income families would jump on the idea of being able to send their children to a soccer camp, or baseball cam p. According to an article on â€Å"Taxing the rich is good for the economy†, raising taxes on the higher income bracket would reduce the taxes on low and middle income families. This would also allow for those families to keep more of their income to use towards these programs. All in all I think it would be a beneficial idea to entertain.The context of the economy, food, and taxes all play an important role in this argument. The higher income bracket would be resistant to the idea until they were presented with facts on the cost and the minimal decrease in income for them. The lower income families would be blessed with some relief with their children’s social experience and the ability to provide more learning resources to them. References Taxing the rich is good for the economy Retrieved from http://www. marketplace. org/topics/economy/commentary/taxing-rich-good-economy By Robert Reich Marketplace for Wednesday, April 18, 2012 Marketplace. org

British Colonialism & the Kikuyu Resistance

Colonisation appears to invariably cause conflict. Even where the proto-indigenous population is totally eliminated or absorbed, as in South Africa and Canada, and supplanted by new aboriginals (Canada) or settlers (South Africa), conflict will ensue as either new colonists arrive (Canada) or another wave of settlement arrives and collides (South Africa). The point might be, colonialism ends in violence. It enervates one group to fight the other, no matter the odds. Colonialism must adapt to a new reality for peace to arrive.Much like the North American aboriginal experience, two major shifts occurred in the late 19th century Kikuyu area of Africa. First, a mass outbreak of epidemics took a catastrophic toll its the indigenous population. Then, the ensuing famine forced the devastated populations to vacate the areas they had traditionally farmed. These favourably fertile lands, coined as the White Highlands, became the focal point for British colonialism in Kenya. Parliament then enc ouraged its subjects (i. e.British citizens, East-European Jews, and United South African Boers) to settle the recently acquired land, marketing it as a â€Å"paradise lost†. This marked the second, more influential and important shift in Kenyan society: an influx of white-foreigners. Kikuyu resistance was limited and sporadic, as they ‘lacked a cohesive organized administration’, suppressed by the British colonials as ‘an assault on public order. Violence was sporadic and limited. The East African Protectorate did not command sufficient importance in London politics, and thus received little attention.In 1902, the East African Protectorate acquired fertile lands around Lake Victoria marking the beginning of railway expansion. The completion of the Mombasa-Victoria railway in 1903 shifted London’s perception on the importance of its newly acquired African land. Subsequently, with significant Parliamentary encouragement, European settlement surged int o the East African Protectorate. Although seemingly a principle tenet of colonialism, the last priority of the settlers seemed to be the working of the land that they had acquired.Rather, they opted for cheap local labour, namely the Kikuyu, to work their plantation ‘cash crops’. Soon, London issued a sequence of edicts, laws, and policies to â€Å"encourage local support†. This ‘general policy’ removed the native Kikuyu from their traditionally perceived lands, and forced them either into remote and infertile reservations or semi-urban communities where they constituted a source of inexpensive labour. Such repressive policies were regarded as appropriate actions on the basis of racial supremacy, and therefore justifiable in the eyes of white-settlers, if executed within that perception of fairness.The locals were black, and perceived by whites as un-equal humans. In their eyes, the natives had no inherent right to the land and certainly it was widel y-held by the colonists that they, the kikuyu, didn’t utilize it efficiently anyway. During the 1920s, Kenya’s white society reached a politically critical mass. British administration recognized its increasing affluence and influence. Consequently, London decisively established Kenya (named after the great mountain) as a colony, thereby trapping its indigenous population within a colonial system.They could not get rid of it and instead faced two options: be put to work as virtually another domestic animal, or be forced into a remote reservation. *Despite social repression, a relatively small number of Kikuyu were educated through established Missionary schools. Soon enough, this educated minority realized that the people were being ruled for and by European settlers. Natives were prohibited from cultivating the colony’s primary cash crop, or able to own land in ancestrally-farmed areas. Administratively held to low-wages, natives required ‘settler-control led passbooks’ to travel freely.In light of these, and other, discriminatory state-sponsored practices, the Kikuyu Central Organization was formed. However, the evolution of the Kikuyu’s political and intellectual state was fought and opposed at every turn. During a 1920 peaceful protest over the arrest and exile of one of its leaders, uniformed police and settlers fired upon the Kikuyu Central Organization’s street gathering. This incident cemented the white’s discriminatory view of the natives, and further exacerbated the fear amongst the Kikuyu people. In 1925, London ruled that 150,000 Kikuyu â€Å"squatters† had no traditional ownership rights in settler areas, effectively eliminating the Kikuyu’s surviving economic and legal defenses. *Furthermore, the Kenya Land Commission of 1934 affirmed European title rights to virtually all fertile land within the colony. While the consequences were not immediate, they became increasingly visible as the Kikuyu population’s growth surged, creating severe overcrowding within reserve confines. The inverse relationship between power and population became apparent during the Second World War; when Kenya’s native opulation numbered 4. 3 million, while the white-settlers remained at around 25,000. There was no real cohesive political structure – a British appointee governed the colony. Despite a native population of over four million Kikuyu, the white minority completely dominated all colonial life. Aside from serving in the British Colonial Army and as reservation ‘chiefs’ and administrators appointed to enforce British rule, the natives were completely exempt from all colonial practices. In this context, the colonial administration justified the expulsion of close to one hundred thousand local Kikuyu from the â€Å"white areas†.With nearly every acre of fertile land expropriated for whites-only usage, the Kikuyu had only the overcrowded re servations, or equally destitute urban center ‘shantytowns’. Increasingly, the Kikuyu suffered economic and social deprivation, creating a politically explosive situation. The ensuing, increasing dissidence amongst the Kikuyu prompted the British authorities to criminalize the Kikuyu Central Association in 1940. Under the ruse of â€Å"a wartime security measure†, British colonialism destroyed the Kikuyu’s only peaceful means of expressing grievances, further exacerbating racial tensions within the colony.The collapse of Hitler’s Third Reich brought to light the ultimate horrors of ethnic supremacy. International revulsion at Nazi Germany’s actions subsequently evoked condemnation for the colonial repression of blacks. Consequently, colonial authorities decriminalized Kikuyu representation, allowing for the creation of the Kenyan African Union. This new organization sought recognition as a real political party, advocating the removal of discr iminatory state practices. With only a handful of committed men as its primary leadership, it’s beginning was unpromising.Changing the names, locations, and dates in this sequence would probably read as any other generic history of African colonial resistance. Similar to other African insurgencies, the violence was scattered and sporadic, with a notable vendetta against the white-foreign oppression. What happened in Kenya, however, was distinctively a Kikuyu issue. Increasingly, large numbers of Kikuyu sought methods to organize themselves for strong political advocacy. ( The Kikuyu found neither justice nor substance in nationalism, religion, or Communism.Instead, the Kikuyu linked cultural traditions with the symbolism of ceremonial oath-taking, to encourage social and political unity. Unbeknownst to its membership, this practice effectively gave rise to an informal sense of nationhood within the Kikuyu people. Like all insurgencies The Emergency began modestly, starting in 1950 with only a group of a dozen young activists from the Kenyan African Union. Increasingly frustrated with ineffective bargaining with the whites, this group, the self-proclaimed Kiambaa Parliament, took the baby steps of resistance organization.The ensuing war between the natives, settlers and colonial authorities, which engulfed Kenyan society from 1952-1960, was indisputably brutal, archaic, and oppressive, during which only thirty-two European settlers and less than two hundred police and militia were killed. Why, then, did such a relatively small number of colonial deaths prompt such a blood-chilling rhetoric? Firstly, many of the insurgents were former ‘employees’ of the white-settlers who, while considering the majority of colonial settlers to be severe and even cruel, also considered many as kindly and caring, and were therefore loyal to their previous employers.In the eyes of the whites, â€Å"Jeeves had taken to the Jungle†. That these apparently lo yal employees should revolt against their employers represented â€Å"the ultimate treachery; biting the hand that fed you†. To settlers, this act was all the evidence they needed to vilify the natives, cementing the racial stereotypes in mind. Secondly, the white settlers lacked a thorough understanding of the Kikuyu insurgent’s cohesion. The movement’s lack of nationalism or commitment to a religion or ideology, which gave other insurgencies a unity, evoked fury from the settlers.The Kikuyu’s leaders created unity through cultural traditions (i. e. ceremonial oath-taking), which was perceived by the settlers as ‘black magic’ or ‘witchcraft’. While the terms used would have been very different to the locals, the natives agreed with the resulting terror. The aforementioned ceremonial ‘oathing’ was designed to vilify normal behavioural codes, and psychologically ‘mark’ its taker. Participants transcended normative mental barriers that had constricted their actions, presumably making the participant emerge as a new person, a revolutionary; an itungati.New members were forced to commit acts, sometimes brutal and disturbing acts, to solidify commitment to the cause and the rebel brotherhood. Militants were thus altered into a different person, associated with other, similarly-changed members, within an organization from which it was extremely difficult, if not suicidal, to withdraw membership. The Mau Mau revolt certainly had grounds to take root. The South African and European settlers had appropriated all the land, land that the 1. 5 million Kikuyu perceived as their national patrimony.Converted into cheap market labour to work the lands, the Kikuyu were no more valuable to settlers than serfs to a lord. They had no civil rights to speak of, and were subjected to arbitrary state violence at the hands of militia and police. No effective say was allocated to Kikuyu in their own tribal affairs, let alone Kenyan affairs. Furthermore, while other African countries were moving closer towards freedom, Kenya was seemingly slipping further into white-minority control, as was happening in South African and Southern Rhodesia.Even when British authorities loosened the reigns on their colonies, it was only the white settlers who benefitted, not the natives. Therefore, the Kikuyu felt alienated in their cause and had no hope for improvement; instead, they feared the some twenty-five thousand whites who dominated them. Settlers were horrified to see their standard of living challenged, and demanded massive and indiscriminate suppression of â€Å"the savages†. The response was certainly to their liking. Sir Evelyn Baring, the newly-appointed colonial governor, found that his staff knew little to nothing about what had disaffected those Kikuyu who joined the Mau Mau revolt.Consultation with the British appointed Kikuyu chiefs served little purpose and, in a sense, exacer bated the situation. The chiefs simply vocalized what they felt that the British authorities wanted to hear, maintaining and protecting their own positions. However, Baring accepted uncritically the notion of illegitimacy behind the Kikuyu movement, concluding that â€Å"if you don’t get Kenyatta and those around him and shut them up somehow or other we are in a terrible, hopeless position†* Initially, it seemed as though the British government had fallen into the ‘counterinsurgency trap’, meeting increasing danger with increasing force.However, it was soon realized that force alone would ultimately fail, co-incidentally around the same time London parliament found the conflict â€Å"prohibitively expensive†. A new strategy focused on ‘rehabilitation’ that would not rely entirely on violence and oppression, but which nevertheless failed to recognize the key issue, the rule of Kenya by foreigners. British authorities looked over at Malay a for a ready â€Å"school† of â€Å"proper counterinsurgency†. Its colony had been combatting against a mainly ethnic Chinese rebellion since 1948*.However much other colonial models of counterinsurgency taught lessons, the Malaysian principle would fail in Kenya. Regarded as â€Å"irredeemable Communists†, British Malaysian authorities deported thousands of ethnic Chinese detainees as â€Å"foreigners†. It was impossible, however, to exile even the most committed Mau Mau Kikuyu as a â€Å"non-Kenyan foreigner†. Furthermore, the fervent hate of the Malays for the Chinese, who were far more intrusive and oppressive than the British, could not be replicated in Kenya since everyone was Kikuyu.Instead, Kenyan colonial policy reflected tactics deemed suitable to the local issues, internment camps coupled with robust grilling. British authorities decided that, above all else, information was needed on the Kikuyu resistance. Strategically, authorities so ught an understanding as to why the Kikuyu supported the Mau Mau resistance; tactically, they sought who supported and supplied them. The process of grilling (i. e. interrogation under torture) provided authorities with information that was extorted through force.Once all they could glean was gathered from them, the remaining guerrillas (many died under examination) were placed within the internment camps, out of touch with the active resistance movement. Purely out of luck rather than strategy, did colonial authorities managed to apprehend the charismatic figurehead of the guerrilla movement, in January 1945: Waruhiu Itote. Intensive interrogation revealed all that the authorities wanted to know. Itote revealed everything from his headquarters location, to the support organization, to the size and structure of his guerrilla army.They were revealed to have less than half the fighting capability that the British had thought (i. e. around several thousand fighters, only), and seriousl y underequipped with a pitiful arsenal of weapons (e. g. 361 bolt action rifles/shotguns, 1 hand grenade, & 1,230 ‘homemade weapons’). Surprisingly, much like Tito’s partisans, the Mau Mau had constructed a factory to manufacture and repair the rudimentary weapons they had stolen or created, all while receiving absolutely no external support. Despite the new-found intelligence, the British authorities were at a loss.Like all sensible guerrillas, Mau Maus fighters fled when at a disadvantage. The advantages of advanced aircraft and highly mobilized ground forces were negated by the Mau Mau ability to hide in the forests around Mount Kenya. Lacking progress, authorities pushed Itote to pursue peace negotiations, but gained no ground as neither party trusted the other. Instead colonial authorities utilized the hiatus to identify supporters, arresting over a thousand Kikuyu and beginning a massive detention campaign immediately after talks broke down. Effectively, Br itish authorities imprisoned the entire Kikuyu urban population.Entire villages were de-populated; virtually every Kikuyu male was separated from his wife and children. Over thirty thousand people were plucked from their homes. Ultimately, the British authorities â€Å"packed up† close to 150,000 Kikuyu into interment camps. On a more ‘practical’ level colonial authority sought to encourage loyalty to the state by promising land to those who fought against the Mau Mau. Yet the insurgency did not cease. It became clear to the British authorities that two main problems had been greatly overlooked: the issue of land, and the ceremonial oath.In response, authorities created three separate answers for, what they perceived, as three separate problems. Firstly, to find a way to release the Kikuyu from their oaths of resistance, secondly, to meet the desperate hunger for land amongst the Kikuyu, and finally, to bring forward an acceptable leader to replace the militant I tote. The bitterest issue amongst the Kikuyu was the appropriation of tribal land. Coupled with the post-First World War population explosion, it turned large numbers of Kikuyu into landless labourers.Furthermore, the social policy implemented during the 1930s swelled the population. Those unlucky â€Å"white highlanders† would have no hope of finding land anywhere in the already overcrowded â€Å"cultivable leftovers†. Indeed with such bleak options available, large numbers flocked into urban centers. The surge of slums, particularly in Nairobi, housed the idle landless farmers who had no skill or trade to sustain their living. If Kenya wanted to achieve a lasting peace, this problem had to be addressed promptly.However, ruling authorities (under settler pressure) adamantly refused to â€Å"reward† Kikuyu rebels by the appropriation of land for them from the colonists, and instead proposed increasing current land productivity. Given contemporary fiscal, technol ogical, and social restraints, the proposed policy had the effect of furthering the wealth of the white landowners without addressing the problem of the landless poor. As a result of colonial resistance to large-scale land distribution, over one million Kikuyu were packed into, Kenya’s version of, government-run villages. An improvisation on the ontemporary fortified village program run by the British in Malaya, the inhabitants regarded them as vile prison camps, almost a step down from the internment camps. Even assuming that these villages were acceptable, the land assigned to them was of poor quality, leaving the only source of fertile farming land within the white community. Ultimately, however, reluctant colonial authorities agreed on the repurchase of settler land for native use. From a more military perspective, colonial authorities agreed the second step would be to stop, or at the very least diminish, the impact of the ceremonial-oaths being taken.Seeking to remedy t he issue of zealous commitment, the colonial government commissioned Louis Leakey to create â€Å"un-oathing ceremony†. Renowned for his anthropological work, Leakey’s perception was that Christianity was the greatest counterinsurgency tactic available. He promptly created a program for rehabilitation. With a strong understanding of the Kikuyu’s culture, Leakey knew full well that such a ceremony could remove the moral commitment of many Mau Mau rank –and-file. For the time it was certainly a radical approach to counterinsurgency strategy, and was the most effective application devised.Under this program of rehabilitation over repression, colonial authorities encouraged defection. However this program was far from infallible. Those who opted out were left with long-term imprisonment, or hanging. Ultimately, after a token trial for the suspected Mau Mau sympathizers, colonial authorities hanged a gruesome tally of 1,090 Kikuyu. Such a number reflects upon its oppressive implementers, that justice under British colonial rule in Kenya â€Å"was a blunt, brutal and unsophisticated instrument of oppression†. (p. 122) Conclusively, the white settlers lost their ‘dirty war’.Ultimately, no military or security forces can recreate the pre-insurgency situation. Killing sympathizers and soldiers, hanging the leadership, and interning masses of innocent people creates an uncontrollable socio-political situation. London would no longer condone the actions of the Kenyan white minority. Parliament only saw a dwindling treasury, diminishing international prestige, and no substantial progress towards a solution. So, in 1959, the conservative government sought a tabla-rasa and began dismantling the legal framework of the Kenyan police-state.Finally, the tables had turned, and the white supremacists’ world shattered. The white settlers would be forced to sell their lands now that Kenyans had been given majority rule and open land franchise. The 1961 national reconciliation begun by Jomo Kenyatta, paved the way for independence in 1963. It was the actions of Kenyatta which subdued the Mau Mau rebels. With strong support from London, Kenyatta was able to give the people what they cried for, what the Mau Mau fought for, and what all nations ultimately desire: independence.